Menu:


This page displays the formatted output of the Bibliography Database in the Members Area. Try to avoid adding duplicate entries by using the search function [Ctrl+f] of your browser: check for duplication of labels and bibliographic info.

Bibliography

[1]
Abbott M.M. and Van Ness H.C. Theory and problems of thermodynamics. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
[2]
Abdel-Gayed R.G. and Bradley D. Dependence of turbulent burning velocity on turbulent Reynolds number and ratio of laminar burning velocity to r.m.s. turbulent velocity. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1725-1735, Pittsburgh, 1977. The Combustion Institute.
[3]
Abdel-Gayed R.G. and Bradley D. Derivation of turbulent transport coefficients from turbulent parameters in isotropic turbulence. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 99:732-736, 1977.
[4]
Abdel-Gayed R.G., Bradley D., and McMahon M. Turbulent flame propagation in premixed gases: theory and experiment. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 245-254, Pittsburgh, 1979. The Combustion Institute.
[5]
Abdel-Gayed R.G., Bradley D., and Lwakabamba S.B. The transition from spark ignition to fully developed turbulent flame. In First International Specialist Meeting of the Combustion Institute, Bordeaux, France, pages 94-99. The Combustion Institute, 1981.
[6]
Abdel-Gayed R.G. and Bradley D. A two-eddy theory of premixed turbulent flame propagation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 301:1-25, 1981.
[7]
Abdel-Gayed R.G., Ali-Khishali K.J., and Bradley D. Turbulent burning velocity and flame straining in explosions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 391:393-414, 1984.
[8]
Abdel-Gayed R.G., Bradley D., Hamid M.N., and Lawes M. Lewis number effects on turbulent burning velocity. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 505-512, Pittsburgh, 1984. The Combustion Institute.
[9]
Abdel-Gayed R.G., Bradley D., and Lawes M. Turbulent burning velocities: a general correlation in terms of straining rates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 414:389-413, 1987.
[10]
Abinov A.G., Plotnikov V.M., Shebeko Yu.N., Eremenko O.Ya., Fialkov B.S., Muravlev V.K., Abramovich A.L., and Chekhovskikh A.M. Shock wave formation in flame propagation in a gas-air mixture within a tube. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 23(1):37-40, 1987.
[11]
Abdo D., Magnaud H., Paillere H., Studer E., and Bachellerie E. Experimental and numerical studies of inerting efficiency for H2-risk mitigation. Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Thermal-Hydraulics, NURETH-10, Seoul, Korea, 5-9 October 2003, 2003.
[12]
Abid S., Dupre G., and Paillard C. Oxidation of gaseous unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine at high temperatures and detonation of UDMH/O2 mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 153:162-181, 1991.
[13]
Abraham G.E. The Wolff-Chaikoff Effect: Crying Wolf? The Original Internist, Fall Issue 2005.
[14]
Absil L.H.J. Analysis of the laser Doppler measurement technique for application in turbulent flows. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, June 1995. Faculty of Aerospace Engineering.
[15]
Accorsi A. Explosim`etres, d'etecteurs de gaz. Techniques de l'Ing'enieur, R 2380.
[16]
Aceves S.M., Berry G.D., and Rambach G.D. Insulated pressure vessels for hydrogen storage on vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 23:583-591, 1998.
[17]
Ackelid U., Armgarth M., Spetz A., and Lundstrom I. Ethanol sensitivity of palladium-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor structures. IEEE Electron Device Letters, 7:353-355, 1986.
[18]
Ackerman M. and Williams F.A. Simplified model for droplet combustion in a slow convective flow. Combustion and Flame, 143:599-612, 2005.
[19]
Adamczyk A.A. and Strehlow R.A. Terminal energy distribution of blast waves from bursting spheres. Technical Report NASA-CR-2903, NASA, Washington D.C., September 1977.
[20]
Adushkin V.V., Fortov V.E., Gostintsev Yu.A., Istratov A.G., Karpov V.P., Kidin N.I., and Shatskikh Yu.V. Spherical gaseous flames. propagation and transition to detonation. In Conference on Combustion and Detonation: Zeldovich memorial II, page 12, 30 Aug - 3 Sep 2004.
[21]
Aerometrics, Inc., 755 N. Mary Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA. Real-Time Signal Analyzer. TU Delft, Job Number 3355, System Manual.
[22]
Aerometrics, Inc., 755 N. Mary Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA. DataVIEW Manual.
[23]
Agafonov G.L. and Frolov S.M. Computation of the detonation limits in gaseous hydrogen-containing mixtures. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 30:91-100, 1994.
[24]
Agnew J.T. and Graiff L.B. The pressure dependence of laminar burning velocity by the spherical bomb method. Combustion and Flame, 5:209-219, 1961.
[25]
Agranat A., Cheng Z., and Tchouvelev A. CFD modeling of hydrogen releases and dispersion in hydrogen energy station. WHEC-15, Yokohama, 2004.
[26]
Agrawal D.C. and Menon V.J. Boiling and the Leidenfrost effect in a gravity-free zone: a speculation. Physics Education, 29:39-42, 1994.
[27]
Ahmad Z. Principles of corrosion engineering and corrosion control. Butterworth-Heinemann/IChemE Series. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.
[28]
AIAA G-077-1998. Guide for the verification and validation of computational fluid dynamics simulations, 1998.
[29]
AIAA G-095-2004. Guide to safety of hydrogen and hydrogen system, ANSI/AIAA standard. American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, Virginia, 2004.
[30]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for hazard evaluation procedures, second edition with worked examples. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1992.
[31]
AIChE CCPS. Plant guidelines for technical management of chemical process safety. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1992.
[32]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for chemical reactivity evaluation and application to process design. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1993.
[33]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for engineering design for process safety. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1993.
[34]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for evaluating the characteristics of vapor cloud explosions, flash fires, and bleves. Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1994.
[35]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for implementing process safety management systems. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1994.
[36]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for preventing human error in process safety. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1994.
[37]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for chemical reactivity evaluation and application to process design. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1995.
[38]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for evaluating process plant buildings for external explosions and fires. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1996.
[39]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for integrating process safety management, environment, safety, health, and quality. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1996.
[40]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for postrelease mitigation technology in the chemical process industry. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1997.
[41]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for pressure relief and effluent handling systems. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1998.
[42]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for consequence analysis of chemical releases. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1999.
[43]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for chemical process quantitative risk analysis, second edition. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2000.
[44]
AIChE CCPS. Layer of protection analysis, Simplified process risk assessment. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2001.
[45]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for fire protection in chemical, petrochemical, and hydrocarbon processing facilities. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2003.
[46]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for investigating chemical process incidents, second edition. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2003.
[47]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for safe handling of powders and bulk solids. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2005.
[48]
AIChE CCPS. Safe design and operation of process vents and emission control systems. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2006.
[49]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for risk based process safety. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2007.
[50]
AIChE CCPS. Guidelines for safe and reliable instrumented protective systems. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2007.
[51]
Akbar R. Mach reflection of gaseous detonations. PhD thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, United States of America, August 1997.
[52]
Akbar R., Kaneshige M., Schultz E., and Shepherd J.E. Detonations in H2-N2O-CH4-NH3-O2-N2 mixtures. Technical Report FM97-3, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratries, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, 1997.
[53]
Alcock J.L., Shirvill L.C., and Cracknell R.F. Compilation of existing safety data on hydrogen and comparative fuels. Shell Global Solutions, Deliverable Report, EIHP2, Project funded by the European Community under the Fifth Framework Programme (1998-2002), Contract ENK6-CT2000-00442, May 2001.
[54]
Alekseev V.I., Kuznetsov M.S., Yankin Y. G., and Dorofeev S.B. Experimental study of flame acceleration and DDT under conditions of transverse venting. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 14:591-596, 2001.
[55]
Alexander R. Diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta methods for stiff ODEs. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 14:1006-1021, 1977.
[56]
Alexiou A., Andrews G.E., and Phylaktou H. Side-vented gas explosions in a long vessel: the effect of vent position. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 9:351-356, 1996.
[57]
Ali-Khishali K.J., Bradley D., and Hall S.F. Turbulent combustion of near limit hydrogen-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 54:61-70, 1983.
[58]
Allen D.A. The effects of transport and convection on the global atmospheric distribution of trace species as determined by a chemical and transport model. PhD thesis, University of Maryland, Maryland, United sataes of America, 1996.
[59]
Allen M.T., Yetter R.A., and Dryer F.L. High pressure studies of moist carbon monoxide nitrous oxide kinetics. Combustion and Flame, 109:449-470, 1997.
[60]
Alliat I. and Heerings J. Assessing the durability and integrity of natural gas infrastructures for transporting and distributing mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[61]
Alpert R.L. and Toong T.Y. Periodicity in exothermic hypersonic flows about blunt projectiles. Acta Astronautica, 17:539-560, 1972.
[62]
Ambrosini W., Forgione N., Oriolo F., and Parozzi F. Mixing of dense or light gases with turbulent air: a fast-running model for lumped parameter codes. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[63]
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ASTM F519-08. Standard test method for mechanical hydrogen embrittlement evaluation of plating/coating processes and service environments. ASTM International, 2008.
[64]
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ASTM F1624-09. Standard test method for measurement of hydrogen embrittlement threshold in steel by the incremental step loading technique. ASTM International, 2009.
[65]
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ASTM F1940-07a. Standard test method for process control verification to prevent hydrogen embrittlement in plated or coated fasteners. ASTM International, 2007.
[66]
Aminallah M., Brossard J., and Vasiliev A. Cylindrical detonations in methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 153:203-228, 1993.
[67]
Amyotte P.R., Chipett S., and Pegg M.J. Effects of turbulence on dust explosions. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 14:293-310, 1989.
[68]
Amyotte P.R. and Pegg M.J. Lycopodium dust explosions in a Hartmann bomb: effects of turbulence. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2:87-94, April 1989.
[69]
Amyotte P.R., Baxter B.K., and Pegg M.J. Influence of initial pressure on spark-ignited dust explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 3:261-263, 1990.
[70]
Amyotte P.R., Mintz K.J., Pegg M.J., Sun Y.-H., and Wilkie K.I. Effects of methane admixture, particle size and volatile content on the dolomite inerting requirements of coal dust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 27:187-203, 1991.
[71]
Andersen V., Paulsen J.L., and Markert F. A survey among experts of safety related to the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[72]
Anderson J.D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics. Aerospace Science Series. Mcgraw-Hill, second edition, 1991.
[73]
Anderson T.J. and Dabora E.K. Measurements of normal detonation wave structure using Rayleigh imaging. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1853-1860, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[74]
Andreani M., Haller K., Heitsch M., Hemström B., Karppinen I., Maceke J., Schmid J., Paillere H., and Toth I. A benchmark exercise on the use of CFD codes for containment issues using best practice guidelines: a computational challenge. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 238:502-513, 2008.
[75]
Andresen P. and Reckers W. The structure of gaseous detonations as revealed by laser-induced fluorescence of the OH-radical. Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge, 175:129-143, 1992.
[76]
Andrews G.E. and Bradley D. The burning velocity of methane-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 19:275-288, 1972.
[77]
Andrews G.E. and Bradley D. Determination of burning velocities: A critical review. Combustion and Flame, 18:133-153, 1972.
[78]
Andrews G.E., Bradley D., and Lwakabamba S. B. Turbulence and turbulent flame propagation - A critical appraisal. Combustion and Flame, 24:285-304, 1975.
[79]
Angelberger C., Veynante D., Egolfopoulos F., and Poinsot T. Large eddy simulations of combustion instabilities in premixed flames. Center for Turbulence Research, Proceedings of the Summer Program, 1998.
[80]
Angers B., Hourri A., Benard P., Tessier P., and Perrin J. Simulations of hydrogen releases from a storage tank: dispersion and consequences of ignition. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[81]
Angers B., Hourri A., Benard P., Tessier P., and Perrin J. Simulations of hydrogen releases from high pressure storage systems. Paper presented at the Sixteenth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Lyon, France, 13-16 June 2006. International Association for Hydrogen Energy.
[82]
Anisimkin V.I. Penza M., Osipenko V.A., and Vasanelli L. Gas thermal conductivity sensor based on SAW. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 42:978-980, 1995.
[83]
ANSI/CSA America FC 1 2004. CSA American standard for stationary fuel cell power systems, First Edition. American National Standards Institute, ANSI, 2004. American National Standard.
[84]
Arendt J.S. and Lorenzo D.K. Evaluating process safety in the chemical industry, A user's guide to quantitative risk analysis. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2000.
[85]
Aris R. Vectors, Tensors, and the Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics. Dover Publications, New York, 1989.
[86]
Armenio V., Piomelli U., and Fiorotto V. Effect of the subgrid scales on particle motion. Physics of Fluids, 11:3030-3042, 1999.
[87]
Armgarth M., Nylander C., Svensson C., and Lundström I. Hydrogen-induced oxide surface charging in palladium-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. Journal of Applied Physics, 56:2956-2963, 1984.
[88]
Arndt M. Micromachined thermal conductivity hydrogen detector for automotive applications. Sensors, Proceedings of IEEE, 2:1571-1575, 2002.
[89]
Arpaci V.S. and Agarwal A. Scaling laws of turbulent ceiling fires. Combustion and Flame, 116:84-93, 1999.
[90]
Arthur D. Little Inc. Final report on an investigation of hazards associated with the storage and handling of liquid hydrogen. Technical Report C-61092, Arthur D. Little Inc., Cambridge, USA, 1960. Report still classified.
[91]
The Association for the Study of Peak Oil. Bp confesses to depletion. ASPO Newsletter, number 23, article 112, November 2002.
[92]
Ascher U.M. and Petzold L.R. Computer Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations and Differential-Algebraic Equations. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1998.
[93]
ASME B31.1. Power piping. ASME B31 Series, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, United States of America.
[94]
ASME B31.3. Process piping. ASME B31 Series, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, United States of America.
[95]
ASME B31.4. Pipeline transportation systems for liquid hydrocarbons and other liquids. ASME B31 Series, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, United States of America.
[96]
ASME B31.8. Gas transmission and distribution piping systems. ASME B31 Series, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, United States of America.
[97]
ASME B31.8S. Managing system integrity of gas pipelines. ASME B31 Series, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, United States of America.
[98]
ASME B31.12. Hydrogen piping and pipelines. ASME B31 Series, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, United States of America.
[99]
Assessment and Standards Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality, United States Environmental Protection Agency. Safety and security analysis: investigative report by NASA on proposed EPA hydrogen-powered vehicle fueling station. EPA420-R-04-016, 2004.
[100]
Astbury G.R. and Hawksworth S.J. Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen leaks: a review of postulated mechanisms. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[101]
Astbury G.R. and Hawksworth S.J. Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen leaks: a review of postulated mechanisms. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2178-2185, 2007.
[102]
Atashbar M.Z., Kalantar zadeh K., Ippolitto S.J., and Wlodarski W. Palladium nanowire hydrogen sensor based on a SAW transducer. Sensors, Proceedings of IEEE, pages 1363-1365, 2005.
[103]
Atkins P.W. Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, third edition, 1987.
[104]
Atkins P.W. and de Paula J. Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, seventh edition, 2002.
[105]
Atkins P.W. and de Paula J. Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, eighth edition, 2006.
[106]
Atkinson R., Bull D.C., and Shuff P.J. Initiation of spherical detonation in hydrogen-air. Combustion and Flame, 39:287-300, 1980.
[107]
Auban O., Zboray R., and Paladino D. Investigation of large-scale gas mixing and stratification phenomena related to LWR containment studies in the PANDA facility. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 237:409-419, 2007.
[108]
Aung K.T., Hassan M.I., and Faeth G.M. Flame stretch interactions of laminar premixed hydrogen/air flames at normal temperature and pressure. Combustion and Flame, 109:1-24, 1997.
[109]
Aung K.T., Hassan M. I., and Faeth G.M. Effects of pressure and nitrogen dilution on flame/stretch interactions of laminar premixed H2/O2/N2 flames. Combustion and Flame, 112:1-15, 1998.
[110]
Austin J.M. The Role of Instability in Gaseous Detonation. PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology, California, United States of America, May 2003.
[111]
Austin J.M. and Shepherd J.E. Detonations in hydrocarbon fuel blends. Combustion and Flame, 132:73-90, 2003.
[112]
Australian Office of Energy. Guidelines for approval of industrial gas appliances (type B appliances) in Western Australia. TSD T069 0101, Developed and issued by the Director of Energy Safety, Office of Energy, Western Australia, in the interests of gas safety, January 2001.
[113]
Ayres F. Theory and problems of differential equations. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
[114]
Babkin V.S., Kozachenko L.S., and Kuznetsov I.L. The effect of pressure on the normal burning velocity of a methane-air mixture. Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fizika, 3:145-149, 1964. English translation in 1966 by Scripta Technica, Inc., 275 Madison ave., New York 16, N.Y., Translated for the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.
[115]
Babkin V.S. and Kozachenko L.S. Study of normal burning velocity in methane-air mixtures at high pressures. Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 2:77-86, 1966. English translation in: Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, 2:46-52.
[116]
Babkin V.S., Vyun A.V, and Kozachenko L.S. The determination of burning velocity in a constant volume bomb by pressure recording. Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 3:362-370, 1967. English translation in: Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves.
[117]
Babkin V.S., Vyhristyuk A.Ya., Krivulin V.N., and Kudryavcev E.A. Convective instability of spherical flames. Archivum Combustionis, 4:321-337, 1984.
[118]
Babkin V.S., Bukharov V.N., and Molkov V.V. Normal flame velocity of propane-air mixtures at high pressures and temperatures. Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 25:57-63, 1969.
[119]
Babkin V.S. Institute of chemical kinetics and combustion. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russia, 2003. private communication.
[120]
Babrauskas V. Heat release rates. In P.J. DiNenno, D. Drysdale, C.L. Beyler, W.D. Walton, R.L.P. Custer, J.R. Hall, and J.M. Watts, editors, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Section 3: Hazard Calculations, chapter 3-1, pages 3-1 - 3-37. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, third edition, 2002.
[121]
Babrauskas V. Fire modeling tools for FSE: are they good enough? Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 8:87-96, 1996.
[122]
Bach G.G., Knystautas R., and Lee J.H.S. Direct initiation of spherical detonations in gaseous explosives. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 853-864, Pittsburgh, 1969. The Combustion Institute.
[123]
Bach G.G., Knystautas R., and Lee J.H. Initiation criteria for diverging gaseous detonations. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1097-1110, Pittsburgh, 1971. The Combustion Institute.
[124]
Bach G.G., Kuhl A.L., and Oppenheim A.K. On blast waves in exponential atmospheres. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 71:105-122, 1975.
[125]
Bachalo W.D. Laser doppler velocimetry and phase doppler particle analysis. Lecture notes prepared by William D. Bachalo.
[126]
Bachellerie E., Arnould F., Auglaire M., de Boeck B., Braillard O., Eckardt B., Ferroni F., and Moffett R. Generic approach for designing and implementing a passive autocatalytic recombiner PAR-system in nuclear power plant containments. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 221:151-165, 2003.
[127]
Baek S.W., Kim J.J., Kim H.S., and Kang S.H. Effects of addition of solid particles on thermal characteristics in hydrogen-air flame. Combustion Science and Technology, 174:99-116, 2002.
[128]
Bagster D.F. and Schubach S.A. The prediction of jet-fire dimensions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 9:241-245, 1996.
[129]
Bainbridge K.T. Trinity. Technical Report LA-6300-H, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, May 1976.
[130]
Baines W.D. and Turner J.S. Turbulent buoyant convection from a source in confined region. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 37:51-80, 1969.
[131]
Baker W.E., Cox P.A., Westine P.S., Kulesz J.J., and Strehlow R.A. Explosion Hazards and Evaluation, volume 5 of Fundamental studies in engineering. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, 1983.
[132]
Bakke J.R. and Hjertager B.H. The effect of explosion venting in empty vessels. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 24:129-140, 1987.
[133]
Balakrishnan G. and Williams F.A. Turbulent combustion regimes for hypersonic propulsion employing hydrogen-air diffusion flames. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 10:434-437, 1995.
[134]
Balasubramanian V. and Jain S.C. Horizontal buoyant jets in quiescent shallow water. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 104:717-729, 1979.
[135]
Ballal D.R. and Lefebvre A.H. Ignition and flame quenching of flowing heterogeneous fuel-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 35:155-168, 1979.
[136]
Ballal D.R. The influence of laminar burning velocity on the structure and propagation of turbulent flames. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 367:485-502, 1979.
[137]
Ballal D.R. Ignition and flame quenching of quiescent dust clouds of solid fuels. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 369:479-500, 1980.
[138]
Ballal D.R. and Lefebvre A.H. A general model of spark ignition for gaseous and liquid fuel-air mixtures. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1737-1746, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[139]
Ballal D.R. Further studies on the ignition and flame quenching of quiescent dust clouds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 385:1-19, 1983.
[140]
Ballal D.R. Flame propagation through dust clouds of carbon, coal, aluminium and magnesium in an environment of zero gravity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 385:21-51, 1983.
[141]
Balthasar W. and Schödel J.P. Hydrogen safety manual. Technical Report EUR 8396EN, Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1983.
[142]
Bao X., Dhliwayo J., Heron N., Webb D.J., and Jackson D.A. Experimental and theoretical studies on a distributed temperature sensor based on Brilloin scattering. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 13:1340-1347, 1995.
[143]
Baraldi D., Heitsch M., and Wilkening H. CFD simulations of hydrogen combustion in a simplified EPR containment with CFX and REACFLOW. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 237:1668-1678, 2007.
[144]
Barassin A., Lisbet R., Combourieu J., and Laffitte P. Etude de l'influence de la temperature initiale sur la vitesse normale de deflagration de melanges methane-air en fonction de la concentration. Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France, 104(7):2521-2526, 1967.
[145]
Bardon M.F and Fletcher D.E. Dust explosions. Science Progress (Oxford), 68:459-473, 1983.
[146]
Barenblatt G.I., Guirguis R.H., Kamel M.M., Kuhl A.L., Oppenheim A.K., and Zeldovich Ya.B. Self-similar explosion waves of variable energy at the front. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 99:841-858, 1980.
[147]
Barenblatt G.I. Scaling. Cambridge texts in applied mathematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
[148]
Barlow R.S., Dibble R.W., Chen J.-Y., and Lucht R.P. Effect of Damkohler number on superequilibrium OH concentration in turbulent nonpremixed jet flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 82:235-251, 1990.
[149]
Barlow R.S., Smith N.S.A., Chen J.-Y., and Bilger R.W. Nitric oxides formation in dilute hydrogen jet flames: isolation of the effects of radiation and turbulent-chemistry submodels. Combustion and Flame, 117:4-31, 1999.
[150]
Barnard J.A. and Bradley J.N. Flame and Combustion. Chapman and Hall, London, 1985.
[151]
Baronov G.S., Grigoriev S.A., Kalinnikov A.A., and Fateev V.N. Development of hydrogen sensors and recombiners. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[152]
Barreto L., Makihira A., and Riahia K. The hydrogen economy in the 21st century: a sustainable development scenario. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 28:267-284, 2003.
[153]
Barry T.F. Fire exposure profile modeling: some threshold damage limit (TDL) data. A whitepaper by TFBarry Publications, September 2003.
[154]
Bartenev A.M. and Gelfand B.E. Spontaneous initiation of detonations. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 26:29-55, 2000.
[155]
Barth T.J. and Jespersen D.C. The design and application of upwind schemes on unstructured meshes. AIAA-paper 89-0366, 1989.
[156]
Barth T.J. and Frederickson P.O. Higher order solution of the Euler equations on unstructured grids using quadratic reconstruction. AIAA-paper 90-0013, 1990.
[157]
Barthel H.O. Predicted spacings in hydrogen-oxygen-argon detonations. Physics of Fluids, 17:1547-1553, 1974.
[158]
Barthelemy H. and Allidieres L. Gaseous hydrogen refuelling stations : Selection of materials for hydrogen high pressure fuelling connectors. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[159]
Barthelemy H. Compatibility of metallic materials with hydrogen. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[160]
Bartholome E. Flame velocity in stationary burning flames. Naturwissenschaften, 36:206, 1949.
[161]
Bartknecht W. Explosions: Course Prevention Protection. Springer Verlag, 1981. Translation of the second edition of Explosionen, Ablauf und Schutzmaßnahmen by H. Burg and T. Almond.
[162]
Bartknecht W. Dust Explosions: Course, Prevention, Protection. Springer Verlag, 1989. Translation of Staubexplosionen by R.E. Bruderer, G.N. Kirby and R. Siwek.
[163]
Bascombe K.N. Calculation of ignition delays in the hydrogen air system. Combustion and Flame, 11:2-10, 1967.
[164]
Bassi A., Bertrand F., Barbier D., Aujollet P., and Anzieu P. Massive H2 production with nuclear heating, safety approach for coupling a vhtr with an iodine sulfur process cycle. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[165]
Batchelor G.K. and Townsend A.A. Decay of vorticity in the isotropic turbulence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 190:534-550, 1947.
[166]
Batchelor G.K. and Townsend A.A. Decay of isotropic turbulence in the initial period. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 193:539-558, 1948.
[167]
Batchelor G.K. and Townsend A.A. Decay of isotropic turbulence in the final period. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 194:527-543, 1948.
[168]
Batchelor G.K. The theory of homogeneous turbulence. Cambridge Science Classics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
[169]
Batchelor G.K. An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge Mathematical Library. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
[170]
Batina J.T. Three-dimensional flux-split Euler schemes involving unstructured dynamic meshes. AIAA-paper 90-1649, 1990.
[171]
Batley G.A., McIntosh A.C., and Brindley J. Baroclinic distortion of laminar flames. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 452:199-221, 1996.
[172]
Bauer P., Brochet C., and Presles H.N. The influence of initial pressure on critical diameters of gaseous explosive mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:118-129, 1984.
[173]
Bauer P. Contribution a l'etude de la detonation des melanges explosifs gazeux a pression initiale elevee. PhD thesis, Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers, France, 1985.
[174]
Bauer P., Presles H.N., Heuze O., and Brochet C. Measurement of cell lengths in the detonation front of hydrocarbon oxygen and nitrogen mixtures at elevated initial pressures. Combustion and Flame, 64:113-123, 1986.
[175]
Baum M., Poinsot T., and Thevenin D. Accurate boundary conditions for multicomponent reactive flows. Journal of Computational Physics, 116:247-261, 1995.
[176]
Baum M.R. Failure of a horizontal pressure vessel containing a high temperature liquid: the velocity of end-cap and rocket missiles. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 12:137-145, 1999.
[177]
Beccantini A. and Pailhories P. Use of a finite volume scheme for simulation of hydrogen explosions. IAEA/NEA Technical meeting on use of CFD for safety analysis of reactor systems, including containment. Pisa, Italy, 11-13 November 2002, 2002.
[178]
Beccantini A., Studer E., Gounand S., Magnaud J.-P., Kloczko T., Corre C., and Kudriakov S. Numerical simulations of a transient injection flow at low Mach number regime. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 76:662-696, 2008.
[179]
Bechert K. Theorie der Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit in brennbaren Gemischen. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 3A:584-590, 1948.
[180]
Bechert K. Portugaliae Physica, 3:29, 1949.
[181]
Bechert K. Zur Theorie der Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit, mit einer Anwendung auf die Ozonverbrennung. Annalen der Physik, 439:191-230, 1949.
[182]
Bechert K. Zur Theorie der Kohlenwasserstoffverbrennung. Die Naturwissenschaften, 37:112, 1950.
[183]
Bechtold J.K. and Matalon M. Hydrodynamic and diffusion effects on the stability of spherically expanding flames. Combustion and Flame, 67:77-90, 1987.
[184]
Becker H.A., Hottel H.C., and Williams G.C. Mixing and flow in ducted turbulent jets. In Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 7-20, London, 1963. Academic Press.
[185]
Bedard-Tremblay L., Fang L., Bauwens L., Cheng Z., and Tchouvelev A.V. Numerical simulation of hydrogen-air detonation for damage assessment in realistic accident scenarios. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:154-161, 2008.
[186]
Bedford T. and Cooke R. Probabilistic Risk Analysis, Foundations and Methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2001.
[187]
Beer F.P. and Johnston E.R. Mechanics of Materials. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981.
[188]
Beer F.P. and Johnston E.R. Engineering Mechanics: Statics. McGraw-Hill, New York, fifth edition, 1992.
[189]
Beeson H.D., McClenagan R.D., Bishop C.V., Benz F.J., Pitz W.J., Westbrook C.K., and Lee J.H.S. Detonability of hydrocabon fuels in air. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 133:19-36, 1991.
[190]
Belles F.E. Detonability and chemical kinetics: Prediction of limits of detonability of hydrogen. In Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 745-751, London, 1959. Butterworths.
[191]
Benard P., Mustafa V., and Hay D.R. Safety assessment of hydrogen disposal on vents and flare stacks at high flow rates. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 24:489-495, 1999.
[192]
Benedick W.B., Kennedy J.D., and Morosin B. Detonation limits of unconfined hydrocarbon-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 15:83-84, 1970.
[193]
Benedick W.B., Knystautas R., and Lee J.H.S. Large-scale experiments on the transmission of fuel-air detonations from two-dimensional channels. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:546-555, 1984.
[194]
Benedick W.B., Guirao C.M., Knystautas R., and Lee J.H. Critical charge for the direct initiation of detonation in gaseous fuel-air mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 106:181-202, 1986.
[195]
Benson D.K., Tracy C.E., Hismeh G.A., Ciscek P.A., Lee S.H., Pitts R., and Habermann D.P. Low-cost fibre-optic chemochromic hydrogen gas detector. In Proceedings of the 1999 Hydrogen Program Annual Review, volume 2, pages NREL/CP-570-26938, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401-3393, United States of America, 1999. Office of Power Delivery Systems, Office of Power Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
[196]
Benson S.W. The Foundations of Chemical Kinetics. Malabar, Krieger, 1982.
[197]
Bent H.A. Droplet on a hot metal spoon. American Journal of Physics, 54:967, 1986.
[198]
Benteftifa C.A. and Becht C. Improve building performance to survive vapor-cloud explosions. Hydrocarbon Processing, 74:85-90, 1995.
[199]
Bentley R.W. Global oil & gas depletion:an overview. Energy Policy, 30:189-205, 2002.
[200]
Benzi R., Ciliberto S., Baudet C., and Chavarria G.R. On the scaling of three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. Physica D, 80:385-398, 1995.
[201]
Berlad A.L. and Yang C.H. On the existence of steady state flames. Combustion and Flame, 3:447-452, 1959.
[202]
Berman M. A critical review of recent large-scale experiments on hydrogen-air detonations. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 93:321-347, 1986.
[203]
Bethe H.A., Fuchs K., Hirschfelder J.O., Magee J.L., Peierls R.E., and Neumann J. von. Blast wave. Technical Report LA-2000, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, August 1947. Prepared under contract W-7405-ENG. 36 with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. This report supersedes LA-1020 and part of LA-1021. Report redistributed on 27 March 1958.
[204]
Bethe H.A. Theory of the fireball. Technical Report LA-3064, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, February 1964. Prepared under contract W-7405-ENG. 36 with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
[205]
Bevenot X., Troillet A., Veillas C., Gagnaire H., and Clement M. Hydrogen leak detection using an optical fibre sensor for aerospace application. Sensors and Actuators, B67:57-67, 2000.
[206]
Bharadwaj S.S. and Schmidt L.D. Catalytic partial oxidation of natural gas to syngas. Fuel Processing Technology, 42:109-127, 1995.
[207]
Bhattacharjee B., Schwer D.A., Barton P.I., and Williams H. Optimally-reduced kinetic models: reaction elimination in large-scale kinetic mechanisms. Combustion and Flame, 135:191-208, 2003.
[208]
Bible. The King James Version of the Holy Bible. Commissioned by King James I of England. Based on earlier texts (Masoretic Hebrew Text as the source of the Old Testament; Textus Receptus as the source of the New Testament; Greek Septuagint as the source of the Apocrypha)., 1611.
[209]
Bible. The Dutch for State Translation of the Holy Bible. Commissioned by the Estates-General of the Netherlands. In imitation of the King James Bible from 1611 and based on earlier texts (Masoretic Hebrew Text as the source of the Old Testament; Textus Receptus as the source of the New Testament)., 1637.
[210]
Bielert U. and Sichel M. Numerical simulation of premixed combustion processes in closed tubes. Combustion and Flame, 114:397-419, 1998.
[211]
Bielert U., Breitung W., Kotchourko A., Royl P., Scholtyssek W., Veser A., Beccantini A., Dabbene F., Paillere H., Studer E., Huld T., Wilkening H., Edlinger B., Poruba C., and Mohaved M. Nuclear engineering and design. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 209:165-172, 2001.
[212]
Bilger R.W., Pope S.B., Bray K.N.C., and Driscoll J.F. Paradigms in turbulent combustion research. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 21-42, Pittsburgh, 2005. The Combustion Institute.
[213]
Billington R. Measurement methods for stimulated Raman and Brilloin scattering in optical fibres. NPL Repot COEM 31, 1999.
[214]
Birch A.D., Brown D.R., Dodson M.G., and Swaffield F. The structure and concentration decay in high pressure jets of natural gas. Combustion Science and Technology, 36:249-261, 1984.
[215]
Birch A.D., Hughes D.J., and Swaffield F. Velocity decay of high pressure jets. Combustion Science and Technology, 52:161-171, 1987.
[216]
Bird R.B., Stewart W.E., and Lightfoot E.N. Transport phenomena. Wiley, New York, 1960.
[217]
Bird R.B., Stewart W.E., and Lightfoot E.N. Transport phenomena. Wiley, New York, second edition, 2002.
[218]
Birkby P., Cant R.S., and Savill A.M. The application of a laminar flamelet model to confined explosion hazards. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 63:361-377, 1999.
[219]
Birkhof G. and Zarantonello E.H. Jets, wakes and cavities. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics: an International Series of Monographs. Academic Press, New York, 1957.
[220]
Bjerketvedt D., Bakke J.R., and van Wingerden K. Gas explosions handbook. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 52:1-150, 1997.
[221]
Bjerketvedt D. and Mjaavatten A. A hydrogen-air explosion in a process plant: A case history. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[222]
Bjoraker G.L., Stolovy S.R., Herter T.L., Gull G.E., and Pirger B.E. Detection of water after the collision of Fragments G and K of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. Icarus, 121:411-421, 1996.
[223]
Blasenbrey T., Schmidt D., and Maas U. Automatically simplified chemical kinetics and molecular transport and its applications in premixed and non-premixed laminar flame calculations. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 505-511, Pittsburgh, 1998. The Combustion Institute.
[224]
Blazek J. Computational fluid dynamics: Principles and applications. Elsevier, Kidlington, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2001.
[225]
Blinov V.I. and Khudiakov G.N. Certain laws governing diffusive burning of liquids. Academiia Nauk, SSSR Doklady, 113:1094-1098, 1957. US Army translation, NTIS no. 296762, 1961.
[226]
Blint R.J. The relationship of the laminar width to flame speed. Combustion Science and Technology, 49:79-92, 1986.
[227]
Blumenfeld L. and Caron-Charles M. Jet et panache d'hélium. CEA Saclay, France.
[228]
Bodurtha F.T. Industrial Explosion Prevention and Protection. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980.
[229]
Boger M., Veynante D., Boughanem H., and Trouve A. Direct numerical simulation analysis of flame surface density concept for large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed combustion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 917-925, Pittsburgh, 1998. The Combustion Institute.
[230]
Boltachev G.Sh. and Baidakov V.G. Equation of state for Lennard-Jones fluid. High Temperature, 41:270-272, 2003. Translated from Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2003, pp. 314-316.
[231]
Bond G.C., Louis C., and Thompson D.T. Catalysis by Gold, volume 6 of Catalytic Science Series. Imperial College Press, London, 2006. Series editor: Graham J. Hutchings.
[232]
Bone W.A. High pressure reactions. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part A, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 8:98-106, 1930.
[233]
Borghi R. On the structure and morphology of turbulent premixed flames. In C. Casci, editor, Recent Advances in the Aerospace Sciences, pages 117-138. Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1985.
[234]
Borghi R. Turbulent combustion modelling. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 14:245-292, 1988.
[235]
Borisov A.A. and Loban S. Detonation limits of hydrocarbon-air mixtures in tubes. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 13:618-621, 1977.
[236]
Borisov A.A., Khomik S.V., and Mikhalkin V.N. Detonation of unconfined and semiconfined charges of gaseous mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 133:118-132, 1991.
[237]
Borisov A.A., Khomik S.V., Mikhalkin V.N., and Saneev E.V. Critical energy of direct detonation initiation in gaseous mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 133:142-155, 1991.
[238]
Borisov A.A., Kosenkov V.V., Mailkov A.E., Mikhalkin V.N., and Khomik S.V. Effect of flame inhibitors on detonation characteristics of fuel-air mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 135:312-323, 1993.
[239]
Borman G.L. and Ragland K.W. Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.
[240]
Bosschaart K.J. and de Goey L.P.H. Detailed analysis of the heat flux method for measuring burning velocities. Combustion and Flame, 132:170-180, 2003.
[241]
Bouhard F., Veyssiere B., Leyer J.-C., and Chaineaux J. Explosion in a vented vessel connected to a duct. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 134:85-103, 1991.
[242]
Bourlioux A., Majda A.J., and Roytburd V. Theoretical and numerical structure for unstable one-dimensional detonations. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 51:303-343, 1991.
[243]
Bourlioux A. and Majda A.J. Theoretical and numerical structure for unstable two-dimensional detonations. Combustion and Flame, 90:211-229, 1992.
[244]
Bohse J., Mair G.W., and Novak P. Acoustic emission testing of high-pressure composite cylinders. Advanced Materials Research, 13-14:267-272, 2006.
[245]
Bowman C.T., Hanson R.K., Davidson D.F., Gardiner Jr. W.C., Lissianski V., Smith G.P., Golden D.M., Frenklach M., and Goldenberg M. GRI-Mech 2.11. http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/, 1995.
[246]
Box G.E.P. and Muller M.E. A note on the generation of random normal deviates. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 29:610-611, 1958.
[247]
Boys S.F. and Corner J. The structure of the reaction zone in flames. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 197:90, 1949.
[248]
Bradley D. and Hundy G.F. Burning velocities of methane-air mixtures using hot-wire anemometers in closed-vessel explosions. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 575-583, Pittsburgh, 1971. The Combustion Institute.
[249]
Bradley D. and Mitcheson A. Mathematical solutions for explosions in spherical vessels. Combustion and Flame, 26:201-217, 1976.
[250]
Bradley D. and Mitcheson A. The venting of gaseous explosions in spherical vessels. I - Theory. Combustion and Flame, 32:221-236, 1978.
[251]
Bradley D. and Mitcheson A. The venting of gaseous explosions in spherical vessels. II - Theory and experiment. Combustion and Flame, 32:237-255, 1978.
[252]
Bradley D. and Lee J.H.S. On the mechanisms of propagation of dust flames. In Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on the Explosibility of Industrial Dusts, 8-10 November 1984, Baranow, Poland, volume 2, pages 220-223. Polish Academy of Sciences, 1985.
[253]
Bradley D., El-Din Habik S., and Swithenbank J.R. Laminar burning velocities of CH4-air-graphite mixtures and coal dusts. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 249-256, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[254]
Bradley D., Chen Z., and Swithenbank J.R. Burning rates in turbulent fine dust-air explosions. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1767-1775, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[255]
Bradley D., Dixon-Lewis G., and El-Din Habik S. Lean flammability limits and laminar burning velocities of CH4-air-graphite and fine coal dusts. Combustion and Flame, 77:41-50, 1989.
[256]
Bradley D. and Lau A.K.C. The mathematical modelling of premixed turbulent combustion. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 62:803-814, 1990.
[257]
Bradley D., Lau A.K.C., and Lawes M. Flame stretch as a determinant of turbulent burning velocity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 338:359-387, 1992.
[258]
Bradley D. How fast can we burn? In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 247-262, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[259]
Bradley D., Lawes M., Scott M.J., Shephard C.G.W., Greenhalgh D.A., and Porter F.M. Measurement of temperature pdfs in turbulent flames by the cars technique. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 527-535, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[260]
Bradley D., Lawes M., Scott M.J., and Mushi E.M.J. Afterburning in spherical premixed turbulent explosions. Combustion and Flame, 99:581-590, 1994.
[261]
Bradley D., Chen Z., El-Sherif S., El-Din Habik S., and John G. Structure of laminar premixed carbon-methane-air flames and ultrafine coal combustion. Combustion and Flame, 96:80-96, 1994.
[262]
Bradley D. and Harper C.M. The development of instabilities in laminar explosion flames. Combustion and Flame, 99:562-572, 1994.
[263]
Bradley D., Gaskell P.H., and Gu X.J. Burning velocities, Markstein lengths, and flame quenching for spherical methane-air flames: A computational study. Combustion and Flame, 104:176-198, 1996.
[264]
Bradley D., Hicks R.A., Lawes M., Sheppard C.G.W., and Woolley R. The measurement of laminar burning velocities and Markstein numbers for iso-octane-air and iso-octane-n-heptane-air mixtures at elevated temperatures and pressures in an explosion bomb. Combustion and Flame, 115:126-144, 1998.
[265]
Bradley D., Gaskell P.H., and Gu X.J. The mathematical modeling of liftoff and blowoff of turbulent non-premixed methane jet flames at high strain rates. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1199-1206, Pittsburgh, 1998. The Combustion Institute.
[266]
Bradley D. Instabilities and flame speeds in large-scale premixed gaseous explosions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 357:3567-3581, 1999.
[267]
Bradley D., C.G.W. Sheppard, Woolley R., Greenhalgh D.A., and Lockett R.D. The development and structure of flame instabilities and cellularity at low Markstein numbers in explosions. Combustion and Flame, 122:195-209, 2000.
[268]
Bradley D., Lawes M., and Sheppard C.G.W. Combustion and the thermodynamic performance of spark ignition engines. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C, 214:257-268, 2000.
[269]
Bradley D., Cresswell T.M., and Puttock J.S. Flame acceleration due to flame-induced instabilities in large-scale explosions. Combustion and Flame, 124:551-559, 2001.
[270]
Bradley D. Burning rates in gaseous explosions of hydrogen-air. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[271]
Bradley D., Lawes M., Liu K., Verhelst S., and Woolley R. Laminar burning velocities of lean hydrogen-air mixtures at pressures up to 1.0 MPa. Combustion and Flame, 149:162-172, 2007.
[272]
Bradley D. Flame instabilities, turbulent burning velocities and deflagration/detonation transition of hydrogen-air. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[273]
Bradley D. Hydrogen powered vehicles for road transport. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[274]
Bradley D. Laminar and turbulent burning velocities of hydrogen mixtures at high pressure, including quenching and DDT. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[275]
Bradley D. Combustion and hydrogen powered vehicles for transport. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[276]
Brailsford A.D., M. Yussouff, and Logothetis E.M. Theory of metal oxide gas sensors for measuring combustibles. In International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators, volume 2, pages 947-950, Chicago, 16-19 June 1997.
[277]
Brandeis J. and Ermak D.L. Numerical simulation of liquefied fuel spills: I. Instantaneous release into a confined area. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 3:333-345, 1983.
[278]
Brandeis J. and Ermak D.L. Numerical simulation of liquefied fuel spills: II. Instantaneous and continuous LNG spills on an unconfined water surface. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 3:347-361, 1983.
[279]
Brauer R.L. Safety and Health for Engineers. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1994.
[280]
Bray K.N.C. and Moss J.B. A unified statistical model of the premixed turbulent flame. Acta Astronautica, 4:291-319, 1977.
[281]
Bray K.N.C. Turbulent flows with premixed reactants. In P.A. Libby and F.A. Williams, editors, Turbulent Reacting Flows, volume 44 of Topics in Applied Physics, chapter 4, pages 115-183. Springer Verlag, 1980.
[282]
Bray K.N.C., Libby P.A., Masuya G., and Moss J.B. Turbulence production in premixed turbulent flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 25:127-140, 1981.
[283]
Bray K.N.C., Libby P.A., and Moss J.B. Flamelet crossing frequencies and mean reaction rates in premixed turbulent combustion. Combustion Science and Technology, 41:143-172, 1984.
[284]
Bray K.N.C., Libby P.A., and Moss J.B. Unified modelling approach for premixed turbulent combustion - Part I: General formulation. Combustion and Flame, 61:87-102, 1985.
[285]
Bray K.N.C. and Libby P.A. Passage times and flamelet crossing frequencies in premixed turbulent combustion. Combustion Science and Technology, 47:253, 1986.
[286]
Bray K.N.C., Champion M., and Libby P.A. The interaction between turbulence and chemistry in premixed turbulent flames. In Turbulent Reactive Flows, volume 40, chapter 4, pages 541-563. Springer Verlag, 1989.
[287]
Bray K.N.C. Studies of the turbulent burning velocity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 431:315-335, 1990.
[288]
Bray K.N.C and Cant R.S. Some applications of Kolmogorov's turbulence research in the field of combustion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 434:217-240, 1991.
[289]
Bray K.N.C. and Peters N. Laminar flamelets in turbulent flames. In P.A. Libby and F.A. Williams, editors, Turbulent Reacting Flows, chapter 2, pages 63-113. Academic Press, 1994.
[290]
Breitung W., Dorofeev S.B., Efimenko A.A., Kochurko A.S., Redlinger R., and Sidorov V.P. Large-scale experiments on hydrogen-air detonation loads and their numerical simulation. In ANS/ARS 1994 International Topical Meeting on Advanced Reactor Safety, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, page 733, 17-21 April 1994.
[291]
Breitung W. and Redlinger R. Containment pressure loads from hydrogen combustion in unmitigated severe accidents. Nuclear Technology, 111:395-419, 1995.
[292]
Breitung W. and Kotchourko A. Numerische Simulation von turbulenten Wasserstoff-Verbrennungen bei schweren Kernreaktorunfällen. Nachrichten-forschungszentrum karlsruhe, vol 28, no. 2-3, pp. 175-191, Research Center Karlsruhe, 1996.
[293]
Breitung W., Chan C.K., Dorofeev S.B., Eder A., Gelfand B.E., Heitsch M., Klein R., Malliakos A., Shepherd J.E., Studer E., and Thibault P. Flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition in nuclear safety. State-of-the-art report by a group of experts, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, August 2000.
[294]
Breitung W., Bielert U., Necker G., Veser A., Wetzel F.J., and Pehr K. Numerical simulation and safety evaluation of tunnel accidents with a hydrogen powered vehicle. In Z.Q. Mao and T.N. Veziroglu, editors, Proceedings of the Thirteenth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Beijing, China, volume 2 of Advances in Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Energy Progress XIII, pages 1175-1181, New York, 12-15 June 2000. International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Pergamon.
[295]
Breitung W., Necker G., Kaup B., and Veser A. Numerical simulation of hydrogen in a private garage. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Hydrogen Power - Theoretical and Engineering Solutions-Hypothesis IV, Stralsund, Germany, 9-14 September 2001.
[296]
Breitung W. Analysis methodology for hydrogen behaviour in accident scenarios. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[297]
Breitung W., Dorofeev S., Kotchourko A., Redlinger R., Scholtyssek W., Bentaib A., L'Heriteau J.-P., Pailhories P., Eyink J., Movahed M., Petzold K.-G., Heitsch M., Alekseev V., Denkevits A., Kuznetsov M., Efimenko A., Okun M.V., Huld T., and Baraldi D. Integral large scale experiments on hydrogen combustion for severe accident code validation-HYCOM. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 235:253-270, 2007.
[298]
Brenan K.E., Campbell S.L., and Petzold L.R. Numerical Solution of Initial-Value Problems in Differential-Algebraic Equations. SIAM Classics in Applied Mathematics 14. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1996.
[299]
Brewer G.D. The case for hydrogen-fueled transport aircraft. Astronautics & Aeronautics, 12:40-51, 1974.
[300]
Brewer G.D., Wittlin G. Versaw E.F., Parmley R., Cima R., and Walther E.G. Assessment of crash fire hazard of LH2-fueled aircraft. Technical Report NASA-CR-165525, NASA Lewis Research Center, Washington D.C., September 1981.
[301]
Bricard P. and Friedel L. Two-phase jet dispersion. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 59:287-310, 1998.
[302]
Briones A., Puri K.I., and Aggarwal S.K. Effect of pressure on counterflow H2-air partially premixed flames. Combustion and Flame, 140:46-59, 2005.
[303]
Briscoe F. and Shaw P. Spread and evaporation of liquid. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 6:127-140, 1980.
[304]
Britter R.E. Atmospheric dispersion of dense gases. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 21:317-344, 1989.
[305]
Britton L.G. Avoiding static ignition hazards in chemical operations, A CCPS concept book. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1999.
[306]
Bronson R. and Costa G.B. Theory and problems of differential equations. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, third edition, 2006.
[307]
Brooke T.Y., Ortona G.S., Crispa D., Friedsona A.J., and Bjoraker G.L. Near-infrared spectroscopy of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact sites with UKIRT: CO emission from the L site and additional 5-mm spectra. Icarus, 121:422-430, 1996.
[308]
Brown A.E.P., Nunes E.N., Teruya C.M., Anacleto L.H., Fedrigo J.C., and Artoni M.R.O. Quantitative risk analysis of gaseous hydrogen storage unit. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[309]
Brown M.J., McLean I.C., Smith D.B., and Taylor S.C. Markstein lengths of co/h2/air flames using expanding spherical flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 875-881, Pittsburgh, 1996. The Combustion Institute.
[310]
Brown P.N., Byrne G.D., and Hindmarsh A.C. VODE: A Variable-Coefficient ODE solver. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 10:1038-1051, 1989.
[311]
Bruel P., Rogg B., and Bray K.N.C. On auto-ignition in laminar and turbulent non-premixed systems. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 759-766, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[312]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Code of practice. Technical Report BS 7974:2001, The Health and Environment Sector Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/1, 2001.
[313]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Part 0: Guide to design framework and fire safety engineering procedures. Technical Report BS 7974:2001 / PD 7974-0:2002, The Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/1, 2002.
[314]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Part 1: Initiation and development of fire within the enclosure of origin (Sub-system 1). Technical Report BS 7974:2001 / PD 7974-1:2003, The Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/1, 2003.
[315]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Part 2: Spread of smoke and toxic gases within and beyond the enclosure of origin (Sub-system 2). Technical Report BS 7974:2001 / PD 7974-2:2002, The Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/2, 2002.
[316]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Part 3: Structural response and fire spread beyond the enclosure of origin (Sub-system 3). Technical Report BS 7974:2001 / PD 7974-3:2003, The Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/3, 2003.
[317]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Part 4: Detection of fire and activation of fire protection systems (Sub-system 4). Technical Report BS 7974:2001 / PD 7974-4:2003, The Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/4, 2003.
[318]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Part 5: Fire service intervention (Sub-system 5). Technical Report BS 7974:2001 / PD 7974-5:2002, The Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/6, 2002.
[319]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Part 6: Human factors: Life safety strategies - Occupant evacuation, behaviour and condition (Sub-system 6). Technical Report BS 7974:2001 / PD 7974-6:2004, The Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/6, 2004.
[320]
British Standard. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings - Part 7: Probabilistic risk assessment (Sub-system 7). Technical Report BS 7974:2001 / PD 7974-7:2003, The Standards Policy and Strategy Committee, Subcommittee FSH/24/7, 2003.
[321]
AIAA Hydrogen Committee on Standards (CoS). Guide safety of hydrogen and hydrogen systems. Technical Report BSR/AIAA G-095-2004, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191, 2005.
[322]
Buckmaster J.D. and Ludford G.S.S. Theory of Laminar Flames. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1982.
[323]
Buckmaster J.D. and Ludford G.S.S. Structure on the stability of detonation i: Role of the induction zone. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1669-1676, Pittsburgh, 1987. The Combustion Institute.
[324]
Buckmaster J., Clavin P., Linan A., Matalon M., Peters N., Sivashinsky G., and Williams F.A. Combustion theory and modeling. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1-19, Pittsburgh, 2005. The Combustion Institute.
[325]
Bulent Yuceil K. and Volkan Otugen M. Scaling parameters for underexpanded supersonic jets. Physics of Fluids, 14:4206-4215, 2002.
[326]
Bull D.C., Elsworth J.E., Hooper G., and Quinn C.P. A study of spherical detonation in mixtures of methane and oxygen diluted by nitrogen. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 9:1991-2000, 1976.
[327]
Bull D.C. and Martin J.A. Explosion of unconfined clouds of natural gas. In American Gas Association Transmission Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, pages T149-T153, Arlington, 17 May 1977. American Gas Association, Operating Section.
[328]
Bull D.C., Elsworth J.E., and Hooper G. Initiation of spherical detonation in hydrocarbon/air mixtures. Acta Astronautica, 5:997-1008, 1978.
[329]
Bull D.C. Concentration limits to the initiation of unconfined detonation in fuel/air mixtures. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 57:219-227, 1979.
[330]
Bull D.C., Elsworth J.E., and Hooper G. Concentration limits to unconfined detonation of ethane-air. Combustion and Flame, 35:27-40, 1979.
[331]
Bull D.C., Elsworth J.E., and Hooper G. Susceptibility of methane-ethane mixtures to gaseous detonation in air. Combustion and Flame, 34:327-330, 1979.
[332]
Bull D.C. Towards an understanding of the detonability of vapour clouds. In J.H.S. Lee and C.M. Guirao, editors, Proceedings of the International Specialists Meeting on Fuel-Air Explosions, McGill University, Montreal, 4-6 November 1981, pages 139-155, Waterloo, Canada, 1982. University of Waterloo Press.
[333]
Bull D.C., Elsworth J.E., Shuff P.J., and Metcalfe E. Detonation cell structures in fuel/air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 45:7-22, 1982.
[334]
Bull D.C. A critical review of post Piper-Alpha developments in explosion science for the offshore industry. Research Report 89, Health and Safety Excutive, 2004.
[335]
Burcat A. http://garfield.chem.elte.hu/Burcat/burcat.html, 2005.
[336]
Burden R.L. and Faires J.D. Numerical analysis. Brooks/Cole, Boston, United States of America, ninth edition, 2011.
[337]
Bureau de Normalisation de Quebec. Canadian Hydrogen Installation Code, First Edition. CAN/BNQ 1784-000/2007, National Standard of Canada, January 2007. Approved by Standards Council of Canada.
[338]
Burgess D.S., Strasser A., and Grumer J. Diffusive burning of liquid fuels in open trays. Fire Res. Abs. and Rev., 3:177, 1961.
[339]
Burgess D.S. and Hertzberg M. Radiation from pool flames. In N.H. Afgan and J.M. Beer, editors, Heat transfer in flames, chapter 27. Scripta Book Co., Washington, DC, 1974.
[340]
Burke S.P. and Schumann T.E.W. Diffusion flames. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20:998-1004, 1928.
[341]
Burks T.L. and Oran E.S. A computational study of the chemical kinetics of hydrogen combustion. NRL Memorandum Report 4446, Naval Research Laboratory, 1992.
[342]
Businger P. and Golub G.H. Linear least squares solutions by Householder transformations. Numerische Mathematik, 7:269-276, 1965.
[343]
Businger P. and Golub G.H. Linear least squares solutions by Householder transformations. In Wilkinson J.H. and Reinsch C., editors, Handbook for Automatic Computation, volume 2, chapter 1, pages 111-118. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971.
[344]
Butcher J.C. Implicit Runge-Kutta processes. Mathematics of Computation, 18:50-64, 1964.
[345]
Butcher J.C. Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 2003.
[346]
Butler D. Nuclear power's new dawn. Nature, 429:238-240, 2004.
[347]
Bychkov V.V. and Liberman M.A. Dynamics and stability of premixed flames. Physics Reports, 325:115-237, 2000.
[348]
Byrne G.D. and Hindmarsh A.C. A polyalgorithm for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 1:71-96, 1975.
[349]
Cabello J., Morgan K., and Lohner L. A comparison of higher order schemes used in a finite volume solver for unstructured grids. AIAA-paper 94-2293, 1994.
[350]
Cabrera A.L. and Aguayo-Soto R. Hydrogen absorption in palladium films sensed by changes in their resistivity. Catalysis Letters, 45:79-83, 1997.
[351]
Cadwallader L.C. and Herring J.S. Safety issues with hydrogen as a vehicle fuel. Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-94ID13223 INEEL/EXT-99-00522, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-3860, 1999.
[352]
Calhoun D. CHOMBO: Finite-volume Cartesian grid AMR code platform for solving conservation laws. A presentation delivered during the Ninth HySafe Network Governing Board Meeting and the Seventeenth HySafe Coordination Committee Meeting held from 11-13 March 2008 at the Commisariat a l'Energie Atomique, Saclay, France, 13 March 2008.
[353]
California Fuel Cell Partnership. Support facilities for hydrogen fuelled vehicles-conceptual design and cost analysis study. Parsons and Brinckerhoff in association with TIAX and University of Miami, October 2004.
[354]
Cai J., Liu F., and Sirignano W.A. Three-dimensional flame propagation above liquid fuel pools. Combustion Science and Technology, 174:5-34, 2002.
[355]
Cali M., Fontana E., Giaretto V., Orsello G., and Santarelli M. The eos project: A sofc pilot plant in italy, safety aspects. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[356]
Caltagirone J., Dode M., and Kossover D. Structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions. Technical Manual TM5-1300, MAVFAC P-397, AFM 88-22, Department of the Army, Washington D.C., 1990.
[357]
Campbell K. and Cohen J. Why hydrogen vehicle fueling is different than natural gas. Presented at the World NGV 2002: 8th International and 20th National Conference and Exhibition, Washington, D.C., October 2002.
[358]
Candel S.M. and Poinsot T.J. Flame stretch and the balance equation for the flame area. Combustion Science and Technology, 70:1-15, 1990.
[359]
Cant R.S. and Bray K.N.C. A theoretical model of premixed turbulent combustion in closed vessels. Combustion and Flame, 76:243-263, 1989.
[360]
Cant R.S., Pope S.B., and Bray K.N.C. Strained laminar flamelet calculations of premixed turbulent combustion in a closed vessel. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 809-815, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[361]
Cant R.S., Rogg B., and Bray K.N.C. On laminar flamelet modelling of the mean reaction rate in a premixed turbulent flame. Combustion Science and Technology, 69:53-61, 1990.
[362]
Cant R.S., Bray K.N.C., Kostiuk L.W., and Rogg B. Flow divergence effects in strained laminar flamelets for premixed turbulent combustion. Combustion Science and Technology, 95:261-276, 1994.
[363]
Cant R.S. High-performance computing in computational fluid dynamics: progress and challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 360:1211-1225, 2002.
[364]
Cant R.S., Dawes W.N., and Savill A.M. Advanced CFD and modelling of accidental explosions. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 36:97-119, 2004.
[365]
Cant R.S. and Mastorakos E. An introduction to turbulent reacting flows. Imperial College Press, London, United Kingdom, 2008.
[366]
Caras G.J. Prevention, detection, and suppression of hydrogen explosions in aerospace vehicles. Technical Report NASA-CR-78268, RSIC-486, NASA, March 1966.
[367]
Carcassi M.N. The role of uncertainty on risk assessment. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[368]
Carcassi M.N. Actual methods on technological risk assessment. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[369]
Carlson G.A. Spherical detonations in gas-oxygen mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 21:383-385, 1973.
[370]
Carlson R.W., Weissman P.R., Segura M., Hui J., Smythe W.D., Johnson T.V., Baines K.H., Drossart P., Encrenaz Th., and Leader F.E. Galileo infrared observations of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 G impact fireball: a preliminary report. Geophysical Research Letters, 22:1557-1560, 1995.
[371]
Caron-Charles M., , and Blumenfeld L. The MISTRA experiment for field containment code validation: First results. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE-9), Nice, France, 9-12 April 2001.
[372]
Carslaw H.S. and Jaeger J.C. Conduction of Heat in Solids. Oxford University Press, London, second edition, 1959.
[373]
Casal J. Evaluation of the effects and consequences of major accidents in industrial plants. Industrial Safety Series. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2008.
[374]
Casey M. and Wintergerste T. Best practice guidelines. ERCOFTAC Special interest group on Quality and Trust in Industrial CFD, version 1, January 2000.
[375]
Cash J.R. and Karp A.H. A variable order Runge-Kutta method for initial value problems with rapidly varying right-hand sides. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 16:201-222, 1990.
[376]
Cashdollar K.L. and Hertzberg M. 20-l explosibility test chamber for dusts and gases. Review of Scientific Instruments, 56(4):596-602, April 1985.
[377]
Cashdollar K.L. Flammability of metals and other elemental dust clouds. Process Safety Progress, 13(3):139-145, 1994.
[378]
Cashdollar K.L. Overview of dust explosibility characterisctics. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 13:183-199, 2000.
[379]
Cashdollar K.L., Zlochower I.A., Green G.M., Thomas R.A., and Hertzberg M. Flammability of methane, propane, and hydrogen gases. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 13:327-340, 2000.
[380]
Cassel H.M., Das Gupta A.K., and Guruswamy S. Factors affecting flame propagation through dust clouds. In Proceedings of the Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 185-190, Baltimore, 1949. Williams and Wilkins.
[381]
Cassel H.M. and Liebman I. The cooperative mechanism in the ignition of dust dispersions. Combustion and Flame, 3:467-475, 1959.
[382]
Cassel H.M. Some fundamental aspects of dust flames. Report of investigations 6551, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, 1964.
[383]
Cassel K.W. CFD simulations of fluid dynamics and heat transfer in liquid-hydrogn absorbers. Presentation at the ICAR Workshop, Argonne National Laboratory, 19 May 2004 2004.
[384]
Cassut L.H., Maddocks F.E., and Sawyer W.A. A study of the hazards in the storage and handling of liquid hydrogen. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 5:55-61, 1960.
[385]
Cassut L.H. Experimental investigation of detonation in unconfined gaseous hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. ARS Journal, 31:1122-1128, 1961.
[386]
Castello P. and Salyk O. Testing of hydrogen safety sensors in service simulated conditions. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[387]
Caterina M.J., Schumacher M.A., Tominaga M., Rosen T.A., Levine J.D., and Julius D. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature, 389:816-824, 1997.
[388]
Catlin C.A. CLICHE - a generally applicable and practicable offshore explosion model. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 122:25-45, 1990.
[389]
Catlin C.A. Scale effects on the external combustion caused by venting of a confined explosions. Combustion and Flame, 83:399-411, 1991.
[390]
Catlin C.A., Fairweather M., and Ibrahim S.S. Predictions of turbulent, premixed flame propagation in explosion tubes. Combustion and Flame, 102:115-128, 1995.
[391]
CENELEC. Guide number 25, Guide on the use of Standards for the implementation of the EMC Directive, second edition. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, Brussels, February 2005.
[392]
Cercignani G., Cozzani V., Nicolella C., and Zanelli S. Innovative passive protection systems for hydrogen production plants. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[393]
Chakravarthy V.K. and Menon S. Large-eddy simulation of turbulent premixed flames in the flamelet regime. Combustion and Flame, 162:175-222, 2001.
[394]
Chan C.K. and Dewitt W.A. DDT in end gases. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2679-2684, Pittsburgh, 1998. The Combustion Institute.
[395]
Chan S.T. Simulations of LNG vapor dispersion from a fenced storage area. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 30:195-224, 1992.
[396]
Chandrasekhar S. Radiative transfer. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1950.
[397]
Chang S.L. and Rhee K.T. Adiabatic flame temperature estimates of lean fuel/air mixture. Combustion Science and Technology, 35:203-206, 1983.
[398]
Chao J., Otsukab T., and Lee J.H.S. An experimental investigation of the onset of detonation. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1889-1897, Pittsburgh, 2005. The Combustion Institute.
[399]
Chang III P.A., Piomelli U., and Blake W.K. Relationship between wall pressure and velocity-field sources. Physics of Fluids, 11:3434-3448, 1999.
[400]
Chapman C.R., Merline W.J. Klaasen K., Johnson T.V., Heffernan C., Belton M.J.S., and Ingersoll A.P. Preliminary results of Galileo direct imaging of S-L 9 impacts. Geophysical Research Letters, 22:1561-1564, 1995.
[401]
Chapman D.L. On the rate of explosion in gases. Physics of Fluids, 47:90-104, 1899.
[402]
Chaumeix N., Pichon S., Lafosse F., Udari N., and Paillard C.-E. Role of chemical kinetics on the detonation properties of hydrogen/natural gas/ air mixtures. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[403]
Chaumeix N., Pichon S., Lafosse F., and Paillard C.-E. Role of chemical kinetics on the detonation properties of hydrogen-natural gas -air mixtures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2216-2226, 2007.
[404]
Checkel M.D. and Thomas A. Turbulent combustion of premixed flames in closed vessels. Combustion and Flame, 96:351-370, 1994.
[405]
Chelhaoui S. and Serre Combe P. Overview of European and international regulation and standardisation activities. Paper presented at the Sixteenth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Lyon, France, 13-16 June 2006. International Association for Hydrogen Energy.
[406]
Chelin P. and Pina V. Investigative method for radiative properties of water vapour in the 0.8m region by optical diagnostic of h2-air combustion. Combustion Science and Technology, 174:215-229, 2002.
[407]
Chen C.J. and Rodi W. Vertical turbulent buoyant jets: a review of experimental data, volume 4 of HMT - Science and Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer. Pergamon Press, 1980.
[408]
Chen H.-I., Chou Y.-I., and Hsiung C.-K. Study on hydrogen detection by Schottky diode sensors. 200th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society and 52nd Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, 2-7, September, 2001, San Francisco, California, USA, 2001.
[409]
Chen Y.-C. and Bilger R.W. Experimental investigation of three-dimensional flame-front structure in premixed turbulent combustion II. Lean hydrogen/air Bunsen flames. Combustion and Flame, 138:155-174, 2004.
[410]
Cheng S.-Y. A hydrogen sensitive Pd/GaAs Schottky diode sensor. Material Chemistry and Physics, 78:525-528, 2003.
[411]
Cheng W.K. and Diringer J.A. Numerical modelling of SI engine combustion with a flame sheet model. SAE paper 910268, 1991.
[412]
Cheng Z., Agranat V.M., Tchouvelev A.V., Houf W., and Zhubrin S.V. PRD hydrogen release and dispersion, a comparison of CFD results obtained from using ideal and real gas law properties. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[413]
Cheng Z., Agranat V.M., and Tchouvelev A.V. Vertical turbulent buoyant helium jet - CFD modeling and validation. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[414]
Cengel Y.A. and Boles M.A. Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. McGraw-Hill, New York, sixth edition, 2007.
[415]
Cengel Y.A., Turner R.H., and Cimbala J.M. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York, third edition, 2008.
[416]
Chaineaux J. Leak of hydrogen from a pressurized vessel-measurement of the resulting concentration field. Proceedings of the EIHP workshop on dissemination of goals, preliminary results and validation of the methodology, p.156-161, Brussels, Belgium, March 1999.
[417]
Chaineaux J. Contribution to wp 12 (and WP 3): EXPLOJET, a tool for the determination of hazardous zones dimensions. HySafe project presentation, InsHyde meeting, 2006.
[418]
Chernicoff W.P. and Miller G.A. Facilitating the safest possible transition from fossil to hydrogen fuels: Hydrogen executive leadership panel. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[419]
Chernyi G.G., Losev S.A., Macheret S.O., and Potapkin B.V. Chemical kinetics. In Paul Zarchan, editor, Physical and Chemical Processes in Gas Dynamics: Physical and Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Gases and Plasmas, volume 197 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, chapter 6, pages 110-175. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 2003.
[420]
Chidsey I.L. and Crosley D.R. Calculated rotational transition probabilities for the A-X system of OH. J. Quant. Spec. and Rad. Transfer, 23:187, 1980.
[421]
Cho P., Law C.K., Hertzberg J.R., and Cheng R.K. Structure and propagation of turbulent premixed flames stabilized in a stagnation flow. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1493-1499, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[422]
Choi C.R. and Huh K.Y. Development of a coherent flamelet model for a spark ignited turbulent premixed flame in a closed vessel. Combustion and Flame, 114:336-348, 1998.
[423]
Ciccarelli G., Ginsberg T., Boccio J., Economos C., Sato K., and Kinoshita M. Detonation cell size measurements and predictions in hydrogen-air-steam mixtures at elevated temperatures. Combustion and Flame, 99:212-220, 1994.
[424]
Ciccarelli G. Critical tube measurements at elevated initial mixture temperatures. Combustion Science and Technology, 174:173-183, 2002.
[425]
Ciccarelli G. and Dorofeev S.B. Flame acceleration and transition to detonation in ducts. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34:499-550, 2008.
[426]
Chapra S.C. and Canale R.P. Numerical methods for engineers. McGraw-Hill, New York, fifth edition, 2006.
[427]
Chirila F., Oancea D., Razus D., and Ionescu N.I. Pressure and temperature dependence of normal burning velocity for propylene-air mixtures from pressure-time curves in a spherical vessel. Revue Roumaine de Chimie, 40(2), 1995.
[428]
Chirivella J.E. and Witcofsky R.D. Experimental results from fast 1500-gallon LH2 spills. AIChE Symposium Series: cryogenic properties, processes and applications, 82:120-141, 1986.
[429]
Chippett S. Modeling of vented deflagrations. Combustion and Flame, 55:127-140, 1984.
[430]
Chitose K., Ogawa Y., and Morii T. Analysis of a large scale liquid hydrogen spill experiment using the multi-phase hydrodynamics analysis code (CHAMPAGNE). In T. N. Veziroglu, C.-J. Winter, J. Baselt, and G. Kreysa, editors, Proceedings of the Eleventh World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Stuttgart, Germany, Advances in Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Energy Progress XI, pages 2203-2211, New York, 23-28 June 1994. International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Pergamon.
[431]
Chitose K., Ogawa Y., Hishida M., and Morii T. Analysis of a large-scale liquid hydrogen spill experiment using the multi-phase hydrodynamics analysis code (CHAMPAGNE) - Part 2. In J.C. Bolcich and T.N. Veziroglu, editors, Proceedings of the Twelfth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Advances in Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Energy Progress XII, pages 1745-1754, New York, 21-25 June 1998. International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Pergamon.
[432]
Chitose K., Okamto M., Takeno K., Hayashi K., and Hishida M. Analysis of a large scale liquid hydrogen dispersion using the multi-phase hydrodynamics analysis code (CHAMPAGNE). Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 124:283-289, 2002.
[433]
Chitose K. Research on fundamental properties of hydrogen. IEA/Task 19 Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, 2006.
[434]
Choi D. and Merkle C.L. Application of time-iterative schemes to incompressible flow. AIAA-paper 84-1638, 1984.
[435]
Choi Y.-H. and Merkle C.L. The application of preconditioning to viscous flows. Journal of Computational Physics, 105:207-223, 1993.
[436]
Choi Y.-S., Lee U.-J., Lee J.-J., and Park G.-C. Improvement of HYCA3D Code and Experimental Verification in Rectangular Geometry. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 226:337-349, 2003.
[437]
Chorin A.J. A numerical method for solving incompressible viscous flow problems. Journal of Computational Physics, 2:12-26, 1967.
[438]
Choudhuri A.R. and Gollahalli S.R. Intermediate radical concentrations in hydrogen-natural gas blended fuel jet flames. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 29:1291-1302, 2004.
[439]
Christiansen E.W., Law C.K., and Sung C.J. Steady and pulsating propagation and extinction of rich hydrogen-air flames at elevated pressures. Combustion and Flame, 124:35-49, 2001.
[440]
Chu W.W., Yang V., and Majdalani J. Premixed flame response to acoustic waves in a porous-walled chamber with surface mass injection. Combustion and Flame, 133:359-370, 2003.
[441]
Chung S.H. and Law C.K. An invariant derivation of flame stretch. Combustion and Flame, 55:123-125, 1984.
[442]
Chung T.J., editor. Numerical Modeling in Combustion. Series in Computational and Physical Processes in Mechanics and Thermal Sciences. Taylor & Francis, 1101 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005-3521, 1993.
[443]
Claassen P.A.M. and de Vrije T. Non-thermal production of pure hydrogen from biomass: HYVOLUTION. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31:1416-1423, 2006.
[444]
Clarke A., Stone R., and Beckwith P. Measuring the laminar burning velocity of methane/diluent/air mixtures within a constant- volume combustion bomb in a micro-gravity environment. Journal of the Institute of Energy, 68:130-136, September 1995.
[445]
Clarke J.F., Kassoy D.R., and Riley N. On the direct initiation of a plane detonation wave. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London, Series A:Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 408:129-148, 1986.
[446]
Clarke J.F., Kassoy D.R., Meharzi N.E., Riley N., and Vasantha R. On the evolution of plane detonations. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 429:259-283, 1990.
[447]
Clavin P. Weak turbulent premixed flame. Acta Astronautica, 6:997-998, 1979.
[448]
Clavin P. and Williams F.A. Theory of premixed-flame propagation in large-scale turbulence. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 90:589-604, 1979.
[449]
Clavin P. and Williams F.A. Effects of molecular diffusion and of thermal expansion on the structure and dynamics of premixed flames in turbulent flows of large scale and low turbulence. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 116:251-282, 1982.
[450]
Clavin P. and Garcia P. The influence of the temperature dependence of diffusivities on the dynamics of flame fronts. J. de Méc. Théoretique et Appliquée, 2:245-263, 1983.
[451]
Clavin P. Dynamic behavior of premixed flame fronts in laminar and turbulent flows. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 11:1-59, 1985.
[452]
Cleaver R.P. Marshall M.R. and Linden P.F. The build-up of concentration within a single enclosed volume following a release of natural gas. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 36:209-226, 1994.
[453]
Cleaver R.P. and Clive G. Robinson C.G. An analysis of the mechanisms of overpressure generation in vapour cloud explosions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 45:27-44, 1996.
[454]
Cleaver R.P., Cumber P.S., and Fairweather M. Predictions of free jet fires from high pressure, sonic releases. Combustion and Flame, 132:463-474, 2003.
[455]
Clingman W.H., Brokaw R.S., and Pease R.N. Burning velocities of methane with nitrogen-oxygen, argon-oxygen and helium-oxygen mixtures. In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 310-313, Baltimore, 1953. Williams and Wilkins.
[456]
Clingman W.H. and Pease R.N. Critical considerations in the measurements of burning velocities of Bunsen burner flames and interpretation of the pressure effect. Measurements and calculations for methane. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 78(9):1775-1780, 1956.
[457]
Clutter J.K. A reduced combustion model for vapor cloud explosions validated against full-scale data. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 14:181-192, 2001.
[458]
Clutter J.K. and Whitney M.G. Use of computational modeling to identify the cause of vapor cloud explosion incidents. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 14:337-347, 2001.
[459]
Clutter J.K. and Mathis J. Computational modeling of vapor cloud explosions in off-shore rigs using a flame-speed based combustion model. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 15:391-401, 2002.
[460]
Colella P. and Woodward P. The piecewise parabolic method for gas-dynamical simulations. Journal of Computational Physics, 54:174-201, 1984.
[461]
Coley G.D. and Field J.E. Role of cavities in the initiation and growth of explosions in liquids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 335:67-86, 1973.
[462]
Colin O., Ducros F., Veynante D., and Poinsot T. A thickened flame model for large eddy simulations of turbulent premixed combustion. Physics of Fluids, 12:1843-1863, 2000.
[463]
Collier A.M., Hindmarsh A.C., Serban R., and Woodward C.S. User Documentation for KINSOL v2.5.0. Technical Report UCRL-SM-208116, Center for Applied Scientic Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America, November 2006.
[464]
Collier A.M. and Serban R. Example Programs for KINSOL v2.5.0. Technical Report UCRL-SM-208114, Center for Applied Scientic Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America, November 2006.
[465]
Collier J. and Davies L. The accident at Three Mile Island. Heat Transfer Engineering, 1, 1980.
[466]
Collier J. G. and Thome J. R. Convective Boiling and Condensation. Clarendon Press, Oxford, third edition, 1996.
[467]
COM (2000) 318 final. Communication from the Commission, e-Learning - Designing tomorrow's education. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2000.
[468]
COM (2001) 331 final. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European parliament, A mobility strategy for the European research area. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2001.
[469]
COM (2003) 499 final. Communication from the Commission, More research for Europe, towards 3% of GDP. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2002.
[470]
COM (2003) 226 final 2. Communication from the Commission, investing in research: an action plan for Europe. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2003.
[471]
COM (2003) 515 final. Communication from the Commission concerning the non-binding guide of good practice for implementing Directive 1999/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2003.
[472]
COM (2004) 353 final. Science and technology, the key to Europe's future - Guidelines for future European Union policy to support research. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2004.
[473]
COM (2005) 576 final. Green paper on a european programme for critical infrastructure protection. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2005.
[474]
COM C(2005) 576 final. Commission Recommendation on the European Charter for Researchers and on a Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2005.
[475]
COM (2007) 576 final. Proposal for a Council Regulation setting up the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2005.
[476]
Connell I.J., Watterson J.K., Savill A.M., Dawes W.N., and Bray K.N.C. An unstructured adaptive mesh CFD approach to predicting confined premixed methane-air explosions. In Second International Specialist Meeting on Fuel-Air Explosions, Bergen, 1996.
[477]
Cook A.W., Riley J.J., and Kosaly G. A laminar flamelet approach to subgrid-scale chemistry in turbulent flows. Combustion and Flame, 109:332-341, 1997.
[478]
Cook A.W. A consistent approach to large eddy simulation using adaptive mesh refinement. Journal of Computational Physics, 154:117-133, 1999.
[479]
Cooper G.J. On the implementation of singly implicit Runge-Kutta methods. Mathematics of Computation, 57:663-672, 1991.
[480]
Cooper M.G., Fairweather M., and Tite J.P. On the mechanisms of pressure generation in vented explosions. Combustion and Flame, 65:1-14, 1986.
[481]
Corr R.B. and Tam V.H.Y. Gas explosion generated drag loads in offshore installations. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 11:43-48, 1998.
[482]
Cowley L.T. and Johnson A.D. Oil and gas fires: characteristics and impact. Offshore Technology Information OTI 92 596, 1992. Prepared by the Steel Construction Institute for the Health and Safety Executive.
[483]
Cowley L.T. Behaviour of oil snd gas fires in the presence of confinement and obstacles. Offshore Technology Information OTI 92 597, 1992. Prepared by the Steel Construction Institute for the Health and Safety Executive.
[484]
Cowley L.T. Current fire research: experimental, theoretical and predictive modeling resources, Volume I. Offshore Technology Information OTI 92 598, 1992. Prepared by the Steel Construction Institute for the Health and Safety Executive.
[485]
Cox G. On radiation heat transfer from turbulent flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 1:75-78, 1977.
[486]
Cox G. Combustion Fundamentals of Fire. Academic Press, New York, 1995.
[487]
Cox G. and Kumar S. Modelling enclosure fires using CFD. In P.J. DiNenno, D. Drysdale, C.L. Beyler, W.D. Walton, R.L.P. Custer, J.R. Hall, and J.M. Watts, editors, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Section 3: Hazard Calculations, chapter 3-8, pages 3-194 - 3-218. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, third edition, 2002.
[488]
Cox R.A. and Cole J.A. Chemical aspects of the autoignition of hydrocarbon-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 60:109-123, 1985.
[489]
Coxon J.A. Optimum molecular constants and term values for the and A2S states of OH. Canadian Journal of Physics, 25:676, 1980.
[490]
Committee for the Prevention of Disasters. Methods for determining and processing probabilities, CPR 12E. Publication Series on Dangerous Substances. The Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, The Hague, The Netherlands, second edition, 2005. Red Book, 2005 revision of the first edition published in 1997.
[491]
Committee for the Prevention of Disasters. Methods for the calculation of physical effects due to releases of hazardous materials (liquids and gases), CPR14E. Publication Series on Dangerous Substances. The Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, The Hague, The Netherlands, third edition, 2005. Yellow Book, 2005 revision of the third edition published in 1997.
[492]
Committee for the Prevention of Disasters. Methods for the determination of possible damage to people and objects resulting from releases of hazardous materials, CPR 16E. Publication Series on Dangerous Substances. The Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, The Hague, The Netherlands, first edition, 1992. Green Book, 2005 revision of the first edition published in 1992.
[493]
Committee for the Prevention of Disasters. Guidelines for quantitative risk assessment, CPR 18E. Publication Series on Dangerous Substances. The Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, The Hague, The Netherlands, first edition, 2005. Purple Book, 2005 revision of the first edition published in 1999.
[494]
Cracknell R.F., Alcock J.L., Rowson J.J., Shirvill L.C., and Üngüt A. Safety considerations in retailing hydrogen. SAE paper 2002-01-1928, 2002.
[495]
Craig N.C. Charles Martin Hall - The Young Man, His Mentor, and His Metal. Journal of Chemical Education, 63:557-559, 1986.
[496]
Crank J. and Nicolson P. A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat-conduction type. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 43:50-67, 1947.
[497]
Crank J. The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford University Press, London, second edition, 1975.
[498]
Crank J. and Nicolson P. A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat-conduction type. Advances in Computational Mathematics, 6:207-226, 1996. Reprinted from Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 43:50-67, 1947.
[499]
Cranz C. Lehrbuch der Ballistik. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1926.
[500]
Craven A.D. and Greig T.R. The development of detonation over-pressures in pipelines. IChemE Symposium Series, 25:41-50, 1968.
[501]
Crawley F., Preston M., and Tyler B. HAZOP: Guide to best practice, guidelines to best practice for the process and chemical industries. IChemE, Warwickshire, United Kingdom, 2000.
[502]
Croft S. The ultimate means of destruction: how the British hydrogen bomb was born. Nature, 413:17-18, 2001.
[503]
Croft W.M. Fires involving explosions - a literature review. Fire Safety Journal, 3:3-24, 1980/81.
[504]
Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering. Risk assessment - Recommended practices for municipalities and industry. Ottawa, Canada, 2004.
[505]
CSNI. State of art report on containment thermahydraulics and hydrogen distribution. Technical Report NEA/CSNI/R(99)16, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Nuclear Safety, June 1999.
[506]
Cubbage P.A. and Marshall M.R. Pressure generated in combustion chambers by the ignition of gas-air mixtures. IChemE Symposium Series, 33:24-31, 1972.
[507]
Cumber P.S. and Fairweather M. Evaluation of participating media models for fire simulation. In Proc. Sixth Int. Symp. on Fire Safety Science, July 1999, Poitiers, France, pages 337-348, Boston, 1999. Int. Ass. for Fire Safety Science.
[508]
Cumber P.S. Ray effect mitigation in jet fire radiation modelling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 43:935-943, 2000.
[509]
Cumber P.S., Fairweather M., and Ranson K.R. Mathematical modelling of jet fires stabilised on sonic releases. Prepared for presentation at the 2003 Loss Prevention Symposium, Spring National Meeting and the Process Industries Exposition, March 30 - April 3, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2002. unpublished.
[510]
Cumber P.S. and Spearpoint M. A computational flame length methodology for propane jet fires. Fire Safety Journal, 41:215-228, 2006.
[511]
Curtiss C.F. and Hirschfelder J.O. Transport properties of multicomponent gas mixtures. Journal of Chemical Physics, 17:550-555, 1949.
[512]
Curzon F.L. The Leidenfrost phenomenon. American Journal of Physics, 46:825-828, 1978.
[513]
Dahoe A.E., van der Wel P.G.J., Lemkowitz S.M., Leschonski S., and Scarlett B. Predicting practical dust explosion risk and achieving optimal dust explosion protection. In Proceedings of the First International Particle Technology Forum, volume 2, pages 481-486, Denver, U.S.A., August 1994.
[514]
Dahoe A.E., van der Wel P.G.J., Lemkowitz S.M., Leschonski S., and Scarlett B. Effects of turbulence on dust explosions at elevated initial pressures. In K. Leschonski, editor, PARTEC 95, Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium Particle Characterization, pages 257-266. European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE), Nürnberg, Germany, 1995.
[515]
Dahoe A.E., van Velzen Th.J., Sluijs L.P., Neervoort F.J., Leschonski S., Lemkowitz S.M., van der Wel P.G.J., and Scarlett B. Construction and operation of a 20-litre dust explosion sphere at and above atmospheric conditions. In J.J. Mewis, H.J. Pasman, and E.E. De Rademaeker, editors, Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium, volume 2, pages 285-302. European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE), Elsevier Science, 1995.
[516]
Dahoe A.E., Zevenbergen J.F., Lemkowitz S.M., and Scarlett B. Dust explosions in spherical vessels: the role of flame thickness in the validity of the `cube-root-law'. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 9(1):33-44, March 1996.
[517]
Dahoe A.E., Zevenbergen J.F., Verheijen P.J.T., Lemkowitz S.M., and Scarlett B. Dust explosions in spherical vessels: prediction of the pressure evolution and determination of the burning velocity and flame thickness. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Colloquium on Dust Explosions, pages 5.67-5.86, Bergen, Norway, 1996. Christian Michelsen Research AS.
[518]
Dahoe A.E., Zevenbergen J.F., Lemkowitz S.M., and Scarlett B. Dust explosion testing with the strengthened 20-litre sphere. In The Seventh International Colloquium on Dust Explosions, pages 7.30-7.46, Bergen, Norway, 1996. Christian Michelsen Research AS.
[519]
Dahoe A.E., Zevenbergen J.F., Lemkowitz S.M., Pasman H.J., and Scarlett B. A new approach to dust explosion risk: extending the utility of the KSt-concept and the cubic law to include flame thickness and turbulence. In The First European Congress on Chemical Engineering, page 747, Florence, Italy, May 1997. European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE).
[520]
Dahoe A.E. Dust Explosions: a Study of Flame Propagation. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, May 2000.
[521]
Dahoe A.E., Lemkowitz S.M., Zevenbergen J.F., Pekalski A.A., and Scarlett B. Effect of burning velocity, flame thickness, and turbulence on dust explosion severity. In Third International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions, pages 60-65, Tsukuba, Japan, October 2000.
[522]
Dahoe A.E., Cant R.S., Pegg M.J., and Scarlett B. On the transient flow in the standard 20-liter explosion sphere. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 14:475-489, 2001.
[523]
Dahoe A.E., Cant R.S., and Scarlett B. On the decay of turbulence in the 20-liter explosion sphere. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 67:159-184, 2001.
[524]
Dahoe A.E., van der Nat K., Braithwaite M., and Scarlett B. On the effect of turbulence on the maximum explosion pressure of a dust deflagration. KONA - Powder and Particle, 19:178-196, 2001.
[525]
Dahoe A.E., Hanjalic K., and Scarlett B. Determination of the laminar burning velocity and the Markstein length of powder-air flames. Powder Technology, 122:222-238, 2002.
[526]
Dahoe A.E. and de Goey L.P.H. On the determination of the laminar burning velocity of closed vessel explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 16:457-478, 2003.
[527]
Dahoe A.E. Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-air mixtures from closed vessel gas explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 18:152-166, 2005.
[528]
Dahoe A.E and Molkov V.V. Towards hydrogen safety education and training. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[529]
Dahoe A.E. and Molkov V.V. On the development of an international curriculum on hydrogen safety engineering and its implementation into educational programmes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:1113-1120, 2007.
[530]
Dahoe A.E. and Molkov V.V. On the implementation of an International Curriculum on Hydrogen Safety Engineering into higher education. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:222-224, 2008.
[531]
Dahoe A.E., Skjold T., Roekaerts D.J.E.M., Pasman H.J., Eckhoff R.K., Hanjalic K., and Donze M. On the application of the Levenberg-Marquardt method in conjunction with an explicit Runge-Kutta and an implicit Rosenbrock method to assess burning velocities from confined deflagrations. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 91:281-317, 2013.
[532]
Dai Z., Tseng L.-K, and Faeth G.M. Structure of round, fully-developed, buoyant plumes. Journal of Heat Transfer, 116:409-417, 1994.
[533]
Daimler-Chrysler. High pressure storage of hydrogen. EIHP2 Mid-Term Assessment Workshop, 2002. http://www.eihp.org/public/massworkshop/.
[534]
Dainton F.S. Chain Reactions, An Introduction. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London, 1956.
[535]
Damköhler G. Der Einfluss der Turbulenz auf die Flammengeschwindigkeit in Gasgemischen. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, 46:601-626, 1940.
[536]
Damköhler G. The effect of turbulence on the flame velocity in gas mixtures. Technical Memorandum NACA TM 1112, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, 1947.
[537]
Daneshyar H., Mendes lopes J.M.C., and Ludford G.S.S. Effect of strain fields on burning rate. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 413-421, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[538]
Darwin C. Note on hydrodynamics. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 49:342-354, 1953.
[539]
D'Auria F. and Vigni P. Two-phase critical flow models. A technical addendum to the CSNI state of the art report. on critical flow modelling. Technical Report CSNI report No. 9, Instituto di Impianti Nucleare, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, May 1980. Work Sponsored by the Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare.
[540]
Davydov A.B. and Perestoronin G.A. Turbine expanders in hydrogen liquefiers. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, pages 174-177, 1997.
[541]
Dawes W.N. Development of a solution adaptive 3D Navier-Stokes solver for turbomachinery. In AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 27th Joint Propulsion Conference, 1991. Paper 91-2469-CP.
[542]
Dawes W.N. The simulation of three-dimensional viscous flow in turbomachinery geometries using a solution-adaptive unstructured mesh methodology. Journal of Turbomachinery, Transactions of the ASME, 114:528-537, 1992.
[543]
Dawes W.N. The practical application of solution-adaption to the numerical simulation of complex turbomachinery problems. Progess in Aerospace Sciences, 29:221-269, 1993.
[544]
Dawes W.N. Simulating unsteady turbomachinery flows on unstructured meshes which adapt both in time and space. In ASME-IGTI Conference, 1993. Paper 93-GT-104.
[545]
Day M.S. and Bell J.B. Numerical simulation of laminar reacting flows with complex chemistry. Combustion Theory Modelling, 3:535-536, 2000.
[546]
Deardorff J.W. A numerical study of three-dimensional turbulent channel flow at large Reynolds numbers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 41:453-465, 1970.
[547]
Deardorff J.W. On the magnitude of the subgrid scale eddy coefficient. Journal of Computational Physics, 7:120, 1971.
[548]
Deev V.I., Kharitonov V.S., Kutsenko K.V., and Lavrukhin A.A. Transient boiling crisis of cryogenic liquids. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47:5477-5482, 2004.
[549]
de Goey L.P.H. Premixed turbulent combustion theory. Technical Report WET 2000.09, RTWH Aachen, Institut für Technische Mechanik, September 2000.
[550]
Del Alamo G., Williams F.A., and Sanchez A.L. Hydrogen-oxygen induction times above crossover temperatures. Combustion Science and Technology, 176:1599-1626, 2004.
[551]
Delichatsios M.A. and Fardis M.N. A reappraisal of containment safety under hydrogen detonation. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[552]
Demuren A.O. Modeling turbulent jets in crossflow. In N.P. Cheremisinoff, editor, Dynamics of single-fluid flows and mixing, volume 2 of Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, chapter 17, pages 430-465. Gulf Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 1986.
[553]
Denisov Yu.N. and Troshin Ya.K. Pulsating and spinning detonation of gaseous mixtures in tubes. Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR, 125:110-113, 1959.
[554]
Denkevits A. and Dorofeev S.B. Dust explosion hazard in ITER: explosion indices of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures. Fusion Engineering and Design, 75-79:1135-1139, 2005.
[555]
Denkevits A. and Dorofeev S.B. Explosibility of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 19:174-180, 2006.
[556]
Dennis J.E. and Schnabel R.B. Numerical methods for unconstrained optimization and nonlinear equations. SIAM Classics in Applied Mathematics 16. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1996.
[557]
Department of Trade and Industry. Electrical Equipment (implementing the Low Voltage Directive), Guidance notes on UK Regulations. Technical Report URN 00/588, Department of Trade and Industry, London, United Kingdom, July 1995. Reprinted with corrections, February 2000.
[558]
De Ris J. Fire radiation - a review. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, page 1003, Pittsburgh, 1979. The Combustion Institute.
[559]
Desbordes D. and Vachon M. Critical diameter of diffraction for strong plane detonations. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 106:131-143, 1986.
[560]
Desbordes D. Correlation between shock flame predetonation zone size and cell spacing in critically initiated spherical detonations. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 106:166-180, 1986.
[561]
Desbordes D. Transmission of overdriven plane detonations: critical diameter as a function of cell regularity and size. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 114:170-185, 1988.
[562]
Desbordes D., Guerraud C., Hamada L., and Presles H.N. Faillure of the classical dynamic parameters relationships in highly regular cellular detonation systems. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 153:347-359, 1993.
[563]
Desbordes D. Critical initiation conditions for gaseous diverging spherical detonations. Journal de Physique IV, 5:155-162, 1995.
[564]
Deschamps B., Boukhalfa A., Chauveau C., Gokalp I., Shepherd I.G., and Cheng R.K. An experimental estimation of flame surface density and mean reaction rate in turbulent premixed flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 469-475, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[565]
Deshaies B. and Cambray P. The velocity of a premixed flame as a function of the flame stretch: an experimental study. Combustion and Flame, 82:361-373, 1990.
[566]
Devaud C.B., Kelman J.B., Moss J.B., and Stewart C.D. Stability of underexpanded supersonic jet flames burning H2-CO mixtures. Shock Waves, 12:241-249, 2002.
[567]
Dey R. Iso/technical committee 197 - hydrogen technologies status of work. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[568]
Diederichsen J. and Wolfhard H.G. The burning velocity of methane flames at high pressure. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 52:1102-1109, 1956.
[569]
Dieke G.H. and Crosswhite H.M. The ultraviolett bands of OH. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 2:97-199, 1961.
[570]
Dienhart B. Ausbreitung und Verdampfung von flüssigem Wasserstoff auf Wasser und festem Untergrund. Technical Report Juel-3155, Research Center Juelich, 1995.
[571]
Diez F.J., Sangrs R., Faeth G.M., and Kwon O.C. Self-preserving properties of unsteady round buoyant turbulent plumes and thermals in still fluids. Journal of Heat Transfer, 125:821-830, 2003.
[572]
DiMeo F. Jr. Integrated micro-machined hydrogen gas sensor. DOE/GO/10451-F, 2000. Final report prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Cooperative Agreement No DE-FG36-99GO10451.
[573]
Dimotakis P.E., Miake-Lye R.C., and Papantoniou D.A. Structure and dynamics of round turbulent jets. Physics of Fluids, 26:3185-3192, 1983.
[574]
Dimotakis P.E. Some issues on turbulent mixing and turbulence. Presented at the Turbulence Symposium in honor of W. C. Reynolds' 60th birthday, 22-23 March 1993, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 17 March 1993. Distributed as GALCIT Report FM93-1 (17 March 1993). Updated as FM93-1a (23 August 1993). Electronic version distributed on 12 November 1998.
[575]
Dimotakis P.E. Turbulent mixing. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 37:329-356, 2005.
[576]
Di Sarli V. and Di Benedetto A. Study of hydrogen enriched premixed flames. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[577]
Dixon-Lewis G. and Wilson J.G. A method for the measurement of the temperature distribution in the inner cone of a Bunsen flame. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 46:1106-1114, 1951.
[578]
Dixon-Lewis G. and Williams A. The combustion of CH4 in premixed flames. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, page 951, Pittsburgh, 1967. The Combustion Institute.
[579]
Dixon-Lewis G., Giovangigli V., Kee R.J., Miller J.A., Rogg B., Smooke M.D., Stahl G., and Warnatz J. Numerical modeling of the structure and properties of tubular strained laminar premixed flames. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 131:125-144, 1991.
[580]
DNV Technica. Human resistance against thermal effects, explosion effects, toxic effects, and obscuration of vision. Scandpower A/S, Det Norske Veritas, Oslo, Norway, 2001. http://www.preventor.no/tol_lim.pdf.
[581]
Dönitz W. and Schmidberger R. Concepts and design for scaling up high temperature water vapour electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 4:321-330, 1982.
[582]
Doering W. On detonation processes in gases. Annalen der Physik, 43:421-436, 1943.
[583]
Dold J.W. and Kapila A.K. Comparison between shock initiations of detonation using thermally-sensitive and chain-branching chemical models. Combustion and Flame, 85:185-194, 1991.
[584]
Dold J.W., Kerr O.S., and Nikolova I.P. Flame propagation through periodic vortices. Combustion and Flame, 100:359-366, 1995.
[585]
Dold J.W., Weber R.O., Thatcher R.W., and Shah A.A. Flame balls with thermally sensitive intermediate kinetics. Combustion Theory Modelling, 7:175-203, 2003.
[586]
Donaldson C.D., Snedeker R.S., and Margolis D.P. A study of free jet impingement. Part 1. Mean properties of free and impinging jets. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 45:281-319, 1971.
[587]
Donaldson C.D., Snedeker R.S., and Margolis D.P. A study of free jet impingement. Part 2. Free jet turbulent structure and impingement heat transfer. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 45:477-512, 1971.
[588]
Dong Yufei, Holley A.T., Andac M.G., Egolfopoulos F.N., Davis S.G., Middha P., and Wamg Hai. Extinction of premixed h2/air flames. chemical kinetics and molecular diffusion effects. Combustion and Flame, 142:374-387, 2005.
[589]
Döring W. Uber den detonationvorgangin gases. Ann. Phys. Lpz., 43:421-436, 1943.
[590]
Dormal M., Liboutin J.C., and Van Tiggelen P.J. Etude experimentale des parametres a l'interieur d'une maille de detonation. Explosifs, 36:76-94, 1983.
[591]
Dormand J.R. and Prince P.J. Runge-Kutta triples. Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 12A:1007-1017, 1986.
[592]
Dorofeev S.B., Efimenko A.A., Kochurko A.S., and Chaivanov B.B. Evaluation of the hydrogen explosions hazard. Nuclear Engineering Design, 148:305-316, 1995.
[593]
Dorofeev S.B., Bezmelnitsin A.V., and Sidorov V.P. Transition to detonation in vented hydrogen-air explosions. Combustion and Flame, 103:243-246, 1995.
[594]
Dorofeev S.B., Sidorov V.P., Dvoinishnikov A.E., and Breitung W. Deflagration to detonation transition in large confined volume of lean hydrogen-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 104:95-110, 1995.
[595]
Dorofeev S.B. Blast effect of confined and unconfined explosions. In B. Sturtevant, J. Shepherd, and H. Hornung, editors, Shock Waves, Proceedings of the 20th ISSW, volume 1, pages 77-86, Singapore, 1996. World Scientific Publishing Co.
[596]
Dorofeev S.B., Sidorov V.P., and Dvoinishnikov A.E. Blast parameters from unconfined gaseous detonations. In B. Sturtevant, J. Shepherd, and H. Hornung, editors, Shock Waves, Proceedings of the 20th ISSW, volume 1, pages 673-678, Singapore, 1996. World Scientific Publishing Co.
[597]
Dorofeev S.B., Sidorov V.P., Dvoinishnikov A.E., and Breitung W. Deflagration to detonation transition in large confined volume of lean hydrogen-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 104:95-110, 1996.
[598]
Dorofeev S.B., Sidorov V.P., M.S. Kuznetsov, Dvoinishnikov A.E., Alekseev V.I., and Efimenko A.A. Air blast and heat radiation from fuel-rich mixture detonations. Shock Waves, 6:21-28, 1996.
[599]
Dorofeev S.B., Sidorov V.P., Dvoinishnikov A.E., and Breitung W. Experimental and numerical studies on transmission of gaseous detonation to a less sensitive mixture. Shock Waves, 7:297-304, 1997.
[600]
Dorofeev S.B., Sidorov V.P., Kuznetsov M.S., Matsukov I.D., and Alekseev V.I. Effect of scale on the onset of detonations. Shock Waves, 10:137-149, 2000.
[601]
Dorofeev S.B., Kuznetsov M.S., Alekseev V.I., Efimenko A.A., and Breitung W. Evaluation of limits for effective flame acceleration in hydrogen mixtures. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 14:583-589, 2001.
[602]
Dorofeev S.B. Flame acceleration and DDT in gas explosions. Journal de Physique de France IV, 12(7):3-10, 2002.
[603]
Dorofeev S.B. Evaluation of safety distances related to unconfined hydrogen explosions. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[604]
Dorofeev S.B. Evaluation of safety distances related to unconfined hydrogen explosions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2118-2124, 2007.
[605]
Dorofeev S.B. Thermal quenching and re-ignition of mixed pockets of reactants and products in gas explosions. In Proceedings of the Thirty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2371-2379, Pittsburgh, 2007. The Combustion Institute.
[606]
Dorofeev S.B. A flame speed correlation for unconfined gaseous explosions. Process Safety Progress, 26(2):140-149, 2007.
[607]
Dorofeev S.B. Flame acceleration and transition to detonation: a framework for estimating potential explosion hazards in hydrogen mixtures. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[608]
Dorofeev S.B. Evaluation of hydrogen explosion hazards: phenomenology and potential for flame acceleration and DDT. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[609]
Dowdy D.R., Smith D.B., S.C. Taylor, and Williams A. The use of expanding spherical flames to determine burning velocities and stretch effects in hydrogen-air mixtures. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 325-332, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[610]
Dragosavic M. Structural measures against natural-gas explosions in high-rise blocks of flats. Heron, 19:1-51, 1973.
[611]
Drain L.E. The Laser Doppler Technique. John Wiley & Sons, 1980.
[612]
Drazin P.G. and Reid W.H. Hydrodynamic Stability. Cambridge Monographs On Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981.
[613]
Drell I.L. and Belles F.E. Survey of hydrogen combustion properties. Report NACA 1383, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Cleveland, Ohio, 1958.
[614]
Driscoll J.F. Turbulent premixed combustion: flamelet structure and its effect on turbulent burning velocities. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34:91-134, 2008.
[615]
Drnevich R. Hydrogen deliveryliquefaction and compression. Presentation by Praxair at the Strategic Initiatives for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop, May 2003.
[616]
Dryer F.L. and Glassman I. High temperature oxidation of CO and CH4. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 987-1003, Pittsburgh, 1972. The Combustion Institute.
[617]
Dryer F.L., Chaos M., Zhao Z., Stein J.N., Alpert J.Y., and Homer C.J. Spontaneous ignition of pressurized releases of hydrogen and natural gas into air. Combustion Science and Technology, 179:663-694, 2007.
[618]
Drysdale D. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1999.
[619]
DuChateau P. and Zachmann D.W. Theory and problems of partial differential equations. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, 1986.
[620]
Duclos J.M., Veynante D., and Poinsot T. A comparison of flamelet models for premixed turbulent combustion. Combustion and Flame, 95:101-117, 1993.
[621]
Dugger G.L. Effect of initial mixture temperature on flame speed of methane-air, propane-air and ethylene-air mixtures. NACA report of investigations 1061, Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, 1952.
[622]
Dunn S. Hydrogen futures: toward a sustainable energy system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27:235-264, 2002.
[623]
Dunn-Rankin D., Barr P.K., and Sawyer R.F. Numerical and experimental study of tulip flame formation in a closed vessel. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1291-1301, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[624]
Dupre G., Knystautas R., and Lee J.H.S. Near-limit propagation of detonations in tubes. Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, 106:244-259, 1985.
[625]
Durst F., Melling A., and Whitelaw J.H. Principles and practice of laser Doppler anemometry. Academic Press, 1976.
[626]
Dwivedi D., Dwivedi R., and Srivastava S. Sensing properties of palladium-gate MOS (Pd-MOS) hydrogen sensor-based on plasma grown silicon dioxide. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 71:161-168, 2000.
[627]
Eberhardt R.N., Bailey W.J., and Fester D.A. Cryogenic fluid management experiment. Technical Report NASA-CR-165495, MCR-81-597, NASA, October 1981.
[628]
Eckett C.A., Quirk J.J., and Shepherd J.E. An analytical model for direct initiation of gaseous detonations. In A.F.P. Houwing and A. Paul, editors, Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Symposium on Shock Waves, Great Keppel Island, Queensland, Australia, 20-25 July, 1997, volume 1, pages 383-388, Australia, 1998. Panther Publications.
[629]
Eckett C. A., Quirk J. J., and Shepherd J. E. The role of unsteadiness in direct initiation of gaseous detonations. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 421:147-183, 2000.
[630]
Eckhoff R.K. Towards absolute minimum ignition energies for dust clouds? Combustion and Flame, 24:53-64, 1975.
[631]
Eckhoff R.K. Relevance of using (dp/dt)max data from laboratory scale tests for predicting explosion rates in practical industrial situation. VDI-Berichte, 494(1):207-217, 1984.
[632]
Eckhoff R.K. Dust explosions in the process industries. Butterworth and Heinemann, 1991.
[633]
Eckhoff R.K. Dust explosions in the process industries. Butterworth and Heinemann, second edition, 1996.
[634]
Eckhoff R.K. Prevention and mitigation of dust explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 9(1):3-20, March 1996.
[635]
Eckhoff R.K. Dust explosions in the process industries. Gulf, Amsterdam, third edition, 2003.
[636]
Eckhoff R.K. Explosion hazards in the process industries, 2005. To appear in 2005.
[637]
Eckhoff R.K. Current status and expected future trends in dust explosion research. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 18:225-237, 2005.
[638]
Eckl W. and Eisenreich N. Temperature of flames obtained from band profiles of diatomic molecules. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 101:851, 1992.
[639]
Eckl W. and Eisenreich N. Determination of the temperature in a solid propellant flame by analysis of emission spectra. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 17:202-206, 1992.
[640]
Eckl W., Eisenreich N., Herrmann M.M., and Weindel M. Emission of radiation from liquefied hydrogen explosions. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 67:1015-1017, 1995.
[641]
Edeskuty F.J., Bartlit J.R., Carlson R.V., Stewart W.F., Cox K.E., Reider R., and Williams M. Untersuchungen zur Verifizierung von komplexen Modellen zur Beschreibung des Schadstofftransports in der Atmosphaere. Technical Report LA-8225-PR, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico, United States of America, 1980.
[642]
Edeskuty F.J. and Stewart W.F. Safety in the Handling of Cryogenic Fluids. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1996.
[643]
Edmondson H. and Heap M.P. Ambient atmosphere effects in flat-flame measurements of the burning velocity. Combustion and Flame, 14:195-202, 1970.
[644]
Edmondson H. and Heap M.P. The burning velocity of methane-air flames inhibited by methyl bromide. Combustion and Flame, 13:472-478, 1969.
[645]
Edwards D.H. A survey on recent work on the structure of detonation waves. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 819-828, Pittsburgh, 1969. The Combustion Institute.
[646]
Edwards D.H., Hooper G., and Morgan J.M. An experimental investigation of the direct initiation of spherical detonations. Acta Astronautica, 3:117-130, 1976.
[647]
Edwards D.H., Jones A.T., and Phillips D.E. The location of the Chapman-Jouguet surface in a multiheaded detonation wave. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 9:1331-1342, 1976.
[648]
Edwards D.H., Hooper G., Morgan J.M., and Thomas G.O. The quasi-steady regime in critically initiated detonation waves. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 11:2103-2117, 1978.
[649]
Edwards D.K. and Balakrishnan A. A thermal radiation by combustion gases. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 16:25-40, 1973.
[650]
Egerton A. and A.H. Lefebvre. Flame propagation: the effect of pressure variation on burning velocities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 222:206-223, 1954.
[651]
Egolfopoulos F.N., Cho P., and Law C.K. Laminar flame speeds of methane-air mixtures under reduced and elevated pressures. Combustion and Flame, 76:375-391, 1989.
[652]
Egolfopoulos F.N. and Law C.K. An experimental and computational study of the burning rates of ultra-lean to moderately rich H2/O2/N2 laminar flames with pressure variations. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 333-346, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[653]
Eichert H. Gefaehrdungspotential bei einem verstaerkten Wasserstoffeinsatz. Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Stuttgart, Germany, 1992.
[654]
EIHP and EIHP-2: The European Integrated Hydrogen Project. http://www.eihp.org.
[655]
Einstein A. On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. In H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, H. Minkowski, and H. Weyl, editors, The Principle of Relativity, A collection of original papers on the special and general theory of relativity, pages 35-65. Dover Publications, Inc., 1952. Translated from: Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, Annalen der Physik, 17, 1905.
[656]
Einstein A. Relativity: The Special and General Theory. Pi Press, New York, 1916. The Masterpiece Science Edition of 2005. Introduction by Roger Penrose. Commentary by Robert Geroch with a historical essay by David C. Cassidy. Translated by Robert W. Lawson.
[657]
Einstein A. Investigations on the theory of the Brownian movement. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1956. Edited with notes by R. Fürth. Translated by A.D. Cowper.
[658]
Eisele I., Doll T., and Burgmair M. Low power detection with FET sensors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 78:19-25, 2001.
[659]
Eisenreich N. and Liehmann W. Strahlungsemission von Gasexplosionen. In Proceedings of the 17th International Annual Conference of ICT, Pfinztal, Germany, 1986. Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology.
[660]
El-Hady N.M., Zang T.A., and Piomelli U. Application of the dynamic subgrid-scale model to axisymmetric transitional boundary layer at high speed. Physics of Fluids, 6:1299-1309, 1994.
[661]
El-Hady N.M., Zang T.A., and Piomelli U. Erratum: application of the dynamic subgrid-scale model to axisymmetric transitional boundary layer at high speed. Physics of Fluids, 6:2551, 1994.
[662]
Elhsnawi M. and Teodorczyk A. Experimental study of hot inert gas jet ignition of hydrogen-oxygen mixture. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[663]
Elsworth J.E., Shuff P.J., and Ungut A. Galloping gas detonations in the spherical mode. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:130-150, 1984.
[664]
Emmons H.W., Harr J.A., and Strong P. Thermal flame propagation. Technical report, Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, December 1949.
[665]
EN 13673-1. Determination of the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours - Part 1: Determination of the maximum explosion pressure. European Committee for Standardization, CEN, Reference number EN 13673-1:2003 (E), 2003. European Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 Potentially explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection.
[666]
EN 13673-2. Determination of the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise of gases and vapours - Part 2: Determination of the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise. European Committee for Standardization, CEN, Reference number EN 13673-2:2005 (E), 2005. European Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 Potentially explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection.
[667]
EN 14034-1. Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds - Part 1: Determination of the maximum explosion pressure pmax of dust clouds. European Committee for Standardization, CEN, Reference number EN 14034-1:2004 (E), 2004. European Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 Potentially explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection.
[668]
EN 14034-2. Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds - Part 2: Determination of the maximum explosion rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)max of dust clouds. European Committee for Standardization, CEN, Reference number EN 14034-2:2006 (E), 2006. European Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 Potentially explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection.
[669]
EN 14034-3. Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds - Part 3: Determination of the lower explosion limit LEL of dust clouds. European Committee for Standardization, CEN, Reference number EN 14034-3:2006 (E), 2006. European Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 Potentially explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection.
[670]
EN 14034-4. Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds - Part 4: Determination of the limiting oxygen concentration LOC of dust clouds. European Committee for Standardization, CEN, Reference number EN 14034-4:2004 (E), 2004. European Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 Potentially explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection.
[671]
EN 50073. Guide for selection, installation, use and maintenance of apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible gases or oxygen. European Committee for Standardization, CEN, Reference number EN 50073:1999, 1999.
[672]
EN 60079-10. Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 60079-10:2003 E, 2003. European Standard, Covers IEC 60079-10:2002.
[673]
EN 61508-1. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 1: General requirements. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61508-0:2001 E, 2001. European Standard, Covers IEC 61508-1:1998 + corrigendum 1999.
[674]
EN 61508-2. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 2: Requirements for electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61508-2:2001 E, 2001. European Standard, Covers IEC 61508-2:2000.
[675]
EN 61508-3. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 3: Software requirements. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61508-3:2001 E, 2001. European Standard, Covers IEC 61508-3:1998 + corrigendum 1999.
[676]
EN 61508-4. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 4: Definitions and abbreviations. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61508-4:2001 E, 2001. European Standard, Covers IEC 61508-4:1998 + corrigendum 1999.
[677]
EN 61508-5. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 5: Example of methods for the determination of safety integrity levels. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61508-5:2001 E, 2001. European Standard, Covers IEC 61508-5:1998 + corrigendum 1999.
[678]
EN 61508-6. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 6: Guidelines on the application of iec 61508-2 and iec 61508-3. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61508-6:2001 E, 2001. European Standard, Covers IEC 61508-6:2000.
[679]
EN 61508-7. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 7: Overview of techniques and measures. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61508-7:2001 E, 2001. European Standard, Covers IEC 61508-7:2000.
[680]
EN 61511-1. Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 1: Framework, definitions, system, hardware and software requirements. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61511-1:2004 E, 2004. European Standard, Covers IEC 61511-1:2003 + corrigendum 2004.
[681]
EN 61511-2. Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 2: Guidelines for the application of IEC 61511-1. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61511-2:2004 E, 2004. European Standard, IEC 61511-2:2.
[682]
EN 61511-3. Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 3: Guidance for the determination of the required safety integrity levels. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61511-3:2004 E, 2004. European Standard, Covers IEC 61511-3:2003 + corrigendum 2004.
[683]
EN 61779-1. Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases - Part 1: General requirements and test methods. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61779-1:2000, 2000. European Standard, Covers IEC 61779-1:1998.
[684]
EN 61779-2. Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases - Part 2: Performance requirements for group I apparatus indicating a volume fraction up to 5% methane in air. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61779-2:2000 E, 2000. European Standard, Covers IEC 61779-2:1998.
[685]
EN 61779-3. Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases - Part 3: Performance requirements for group I apparatus indicating a volume fraction up to 100% methane in air. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61779-3:2000, 2000. European Standard, Covers IEC 61779-3:1998.
[686]
EN 61779-4. Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases - Part 4: Performance requirements for group II apparatus indicating a volume fraction up to 100% lower explosive limit. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61779-4:2000, 2000. European Standard, Covers IEC 61779-4:1998.
[687]
EN 61779-5. Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases - Part 5: Performance requirements for group II apparatus indicating a volume fraction up to 100% gas. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61779-5:2000 E, 2000. European Standard, Covers IEC 61779-5:1998.
[688]
EN 61779-6. Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases - Part 6: Guide for the selection, installation, use and maintenance of apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases - First edition. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 61779-6:1999 E, 1999. European Standard, Covers IEC 61779-6:1999.
[689]
EN 62282-3-1. Fuel cell technologies - Part 3-1: Stationary fuel cell power systems - safety. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CENELEC, Reference number EN 62282-3-1:2007 E, 2007. European Standard, Covers IEC 62282-3-1:2007.
[690]
Englund S.M., Bodurtha F.T., Britton L.G., Crowl D.A., Grossel S., High W.G., Kletz T.A., R.W. Ormsby, Owens J.E., Schiappa C.A., Siwek R., White R.E., Winegardner D., and Woodward J.L. Process safety. In R.H. Perry, D.W. Green, and J.O. Maloney, editors, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, chapter 26, pages 26-1 to 26-92. McGraw-Hill, New York, seventh edition, 1999.
[691]
Enright R.J. Effect of moisture on explosion parameters of coal dust. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of Safety in Mines Research Institutes, pages 613-619, 1985.
[692]
Enright W.H. Second derivative multistep methods for stiff ordinary differential equations. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 11:321-331, 1974.
[693]
Enright W.H., Hull T.E., and Lindberg B. Comparing numerical methods for stiff systems of ODEs. BIT, 15:10-48, 1975.
[694]
Enright W.H. and Hull T.E. Comparing numerical methods for the solution of stiff systems of ODEs arising in chemistry. In L. Lapidus and W.E. Schiesser, editors, Numerical methods for differential systems, pages 45-66, 1976.
[695]
Enright W.H. and Pryce J.D. Two FORTRAN packages for assessing initial value problems. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 13:1-27, 1987.
[696]
Epstein I.R. and Pojman J.A. An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics: Oscillations, Waves, Patterns, and Chaos. Topics in Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.
[697]
Erdogan F., Delale F., and Owczarek J.A. Crack propagation and arrest in pressurized containers. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Transactions of the ASME, 99:90-99, 1977.
[698]
Erpenbeck J.J. Stability of idealized one-reaction detonations. Physics of Fluids, 7:684-696, 1964.
[699]
Esparza E.D. and Baker W.E. Measurement of blast waves from bursting pressurized frangible spheres. Technical Report NASA-CR-2843, NASA, Washington D.C., May 1977.
[700]
Essenhigh R.H. and Woodhead D.W. Speed of flame in slowly moving clouds of cork dust. Combustion and Flame, 2:365-382, 1958.
[701]
Etchells J. and Wilday J. Workbook for Chemical Reaction Relief System Sizing. HSE Books, Sudbury, Suffolk, 1998.
[702]
European Commission. Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonization of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits. Official Journal of the European Union, series L77, volume 16(26.03.1973):29-33, 1973.
[703]
European Commission. Council Directive 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning electromagnetic compatibility. Official Journal of the European Union, series L139, volume 32(23.05.1989):19-26, 1989.
[704]
European Commission. Council Directive 92/31/EEC of 28 April 1992 ammending Directive 89/336/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning electromagnetic compatibility. Official Journal of the European Union, series L126, volume 53(12.05.1992):11, 1992.
[705]
European Commission. Council Directive 93/68/EEC of 22 July 1993 amending Directives 87/404/EEC (simple pressure vessels), 88/378/EEC (safety of toys), 89/106/EEC (construction products), 89/336/EEC (electromagnetic compatibility), 89/392/EEC (machinery), 89/686/EEC (personal protective equipment), 90/384/EEC (non-automatic weighing instruments), 90/385/EEC (active implantable medicinal devices), 90/396/EEC (appliances burning gaseous fuels), 91/263/EEC (telecommunications terminal equipment), 92/42/EEC (new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels) and 73/23/EEC (electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits). Official Journal of the European Union, series L220, volume 36(30.08.1993):1-22, 1993.
[706]
European Commission. Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. Official Journal of the European Union, series L100, volume 37(19.04.1994):1-33, 1994. EU ATEX 100.
[707]
European Commission. Directive 98/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to machinery. Official Journal of the European Union, series L207, volume 41, 23.07.1998:1-46, 1998.
[708]
European Commission. Corrigendum to Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. Official Journal of the European Union, series L21, volume 43(26.01.2000):42-44, 2000. EU ATEX 100.
[709]
European Commission. Directive 1999/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1999 on minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres (15th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). Official Journal of the European Union, series L23, volume 43(28.01.2000):57-64, 2000. EU ATEX 137.
[710]
European Commission. Corrigendum to Directive 1999/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1999 on minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres (15th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). Official Journal of the European Union, series L134, volume 43(07.06.2000):36, 2000.
[711]
European Commission. Directive 2000/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the noise emission in the environment by equipment for use outdoors. Official Journal of the European Union, series L162, volume 42(03.07.2000):1-78, 2000.
[712]
European Commission. Corrigendum to Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. Official Journal of the European Union, series L304, volume 43(05.12.2000):19, 2000.
[713]
European Commission. The Sixth Framework Programme, Classification of the FP6 Instruments, December 2002.
[714]
European Commission. The 6th Framework Programme in brief, December 2002.
[715]
European Commission, FP6 Instruments Task Force. Provisions for Implementing Networks of Excellence, May 2003.
[716]
European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport. Hydrogen energy and fuel cells, a vision of our future. Final Report of the High Level Group, RTD Info, EUR 20719 EN, Brussels, 2003.
[717]
European Commission. The Sixth Framework Programme, Work Programme, Section 6.1: Sustainable energy systems, July 2004.
[718]
European Commission. The Sixth Framework Programme, Classification of the FP6 Instruments, October 2004.
[719]
European Commission. The Sixth Framework Programme, Classification of the FP6 Instruments Detailed Description, October 2004.
[720]
European Commission. The Sixth Framework Programme, Performance indicators in the frame of Networks of Excellence, Methodological guidance note, October 2004.
[721]
European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, Sustainable Energy Systems. Introducing hydrogen as an energy carrier: safety, regulatory and public acceptance issues. RTD Info, EUR 22002, Brussels, 2006.
[722]
European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport. European fuel cell and hydrogen projects. RTD Info, EUR 22398 EN, Brussels, 2006.
[723]
European Commission. Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast). Official Journal of the European Union, series L157, volume 49(09.06.2006):24-86, 2006.
[724]
European Commission, Directorate General Enterprise and Industry. Guidelines on the Application of Council Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, Second Edition, July 2007.
[725]
European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, Sustainable Energy Systems. The European Research Area: New Perspectives, Text with EEA relevance, Com(2007)161, Green Paper 04.04.2007. EUR 22840, Brussels, 2007.
[726]
European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, Sustainable Energy Systems. Inside the Seventh Framework Programme. RTD Info Special June 2007, Brussels, 2007.
[727]
European Commission. Commission Regulation (EU) No 406/2010 of 26 April 2010 implementing Regulation (EC) No 79/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of hydrogen-powered motor vehicles (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union, series L122, volume 53(18.05.2010):1-122, 2010.
[728]
European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform. Implementation Panel. Strategic Research Agenda, July 2005.
[729]
European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform. Implementation Panel. Implementation Plan - Status 2006, March 2007. Final Report.
[730]
European Industrial Gases Association. Safety in storage, handling and distribution of liquid hydrogen. Technical Report IGC Doc 06/02/E, EIGA, Brussels, 2002.
[731]
European Industrial Gases Association. Carbon monoxide and mixtures pipeline systemes. Technical Report IGC Doc 120/04/E, EIGA, Brussels, 2004.
[732]
European Industrial Gases Association. Hydrogen transportation pipelines. Technical Report IGC Doc 121/04/E, EIGA, Brussels, 2004.
[733]
European Industrial Gases Association. Environmental impacts of hydrogen plants. Technical Report IGC Doc 122/04/E, EIGA, Brussels, 2004. Revision of part of TN 515/95.
[734]
European Industrial Gases Association. Gaseous hydrogen stations. Technical Report IGC Doc 15/06/E, EIGA, Brussels, 2006. Revision of Doc 15/96 and Doc 15/05.
[735]
European Industrial Gases Association. Determination of safety distances. Technical Report IGC Doc 75/01/E/rev, EIGA, Brussels, 2001.
[736]
European Industrial Gases Association. Determination of safety distances. Technical Report IGC Doc 75/07/E/rev, EIGA, Brussels, 2007. Revision of Doc 75/01/rev.
[737]
European Industrial Gases Association. Hydrogen cylinders and transport vessels. Technical Report IGC Doc IGC Doc 100/03/E, EIGA, Brussels, 2003. Revision of TN 26/81.
[738]
European Parliament. Hydrogen Safety - the key to a hydrogen economy. The Parliament Magazine: European Politics and Policy, 258:62, December 2007. Editor: Catherine Stihler.
[739]
Evans M.W. Current theoretical concepts of steady-state flame propagation. Chemical Reviews, 51:363-429, 1952.
[740]
Evers A.A. The hydrogen society ...more than just a vision. Hydrogeit Verlag, Oberkraemer, Germany, 2010.
[741]
Ewald R. Requirements for advanced mobil storage systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 23:803-814, 1998.
[742]
Ewald J. and Peters N. A level set based flamelet model for the prediction of combustion in spark ignition engines. In F. Kupka and W. Hillebrandt, editors, Interdisciplinary Aspects of Turbulence, pages 68-76, August 2005.
[743]
Ewan B.C.R. and Moodie K. Structure and velocity measurements in underexpanded jets. Combustion Science and Technology, 45:275-288, 1986.
[744]
Faeth G.M., Jeng S.M., and Gore J. Radiation from fires. In C.K. Law, W.W. Yuen, and K. Miyasaka, editors, Heat Transfer in Fire and Combustion Systems, volume 45, pages 137-151. ASME, New York, 1985.
[745]
Fairweather M. and Vasey M.W. A mathematical model for the prediction of overpressures generated in totally confined and vented explosions. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 645-653, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[746]
Fairweather M. and Woolley R.M. First-order conditional moment closure modeling of turbulent, nonpremixed hydrogen flames. Combustion and Flame, 133:393-405, 2003.
[747]
Fanthorpe L. and de Fanthorpe P. Mysteries and Secrets of the Templars. Dundurn Group Ltd, Canada, 2005.
[748]
Farrell J.T., Johnston R.J., and Androulakis I.P. Molecular structure effects on laminar burning velocities at elevated temperature and pressure. SAE paper 2004-01-2936, 2004.
[749]
Faudou J-Y., Lehman J-Y., and Pregassame S. Hydrogen refueling stations: Safe filling procedures. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[750]
Fauske H.K. and Epstein M. Source term considerations in connection with chemical accidents and vapour cloud modelling. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 1:75-83, 1988.
[751]
Favier F., Walter E.C., Zach M.P., Benter T., and Penner R.M. Hydrogen sensors and switches from electrodeposited palladium mesowire arrays. Science, 293:2227-2231, 2001.
[752]
Favre A. Equations des gaz turbulents compressibles. Journal de Mecanique, 4:361-421, 1965.
[753]
Fay J.A. The mechanical theory of spinning detonation. Journal of Chemical Physics, 20:942-950, 1952.
[754]
Fay J.A. A preliminary analysis of the effect of spill size on the level of hazard from LNG spills on land and water. Technical Report DOE/EV-0002, US Department of Energy, 1978.
[755]
Fay J.A. Model of spills and fires from LNG and oil tankers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B96:171-188, 2003.
[756]
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Reference manual to mitigate potential terrorist attacks against buildings. Number FEMA 426 in Risk Management Series. McGraw-Hill, Washington D.C, December 2003.
[757]
Fernandez-Tarrazo E., Sanchez A.L., Linan A., and Williams F.A. A simple one-step chemistry model for partially premixed hydrocarbon combustion. Combustion and Flame, 147:32-38, 2006.
[758]
Ferrara G., Willacy S.K., Phylaktou H.N., Andrews G.E., Di Benedetto A., and Salzano E. Venting of premixed gas explosions with a relief pipe of the same area as the vent. Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 2005.
[759]
Ferriso C.C., Ludwig C.B., and Boynton F.P. A band-ratio technique for determining temperatures and concentrations of hot combustion gases from infrared-emission spectra. In Proceedings of the Tenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 161-175, Pittsburgh, 1965. The Combustion Institute.
[760]
Ferziger J.H. and Peric M. Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics. Springer, New York, third edition, 2002.
[761]
Feynman R.P., Leighton R.B., and Sands M.L. The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1989.
[762]
Fezoui L. and Stoufflet B. A class of implicit Euler simulations with unstructured meshes. Journal of Computational Physics, 84:174-206, 1989.
[763]
Fickett K.K. and Davis W.C. Detonation: theory and experiment. Dover, New York, 2001.
[764]
Fickett W. and Wood W.W. Flow calculations for pulsating one-dimensional detonations. Physics of Fluids, 9:903-916, 1966.
[765]
Field P. Dust explosions. In Handbook of Powder Technology, volume 4. Elsevier, 1982.
[766]
Filyand L., Sivashinsky G.I., and Frankel M.L. On self-acceleration of outward propagating wrinkled flames. Physica D, 72:110-118, 1994.
[767]
Fineschi F., Bazzichi M., and Carcassi M. A study on the hydrogen recombination rates of catalytic recombiners and deliberate ignition. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 166:481-494, 1996.
[768]
Fisher H.G., Forrest H.S., Grossel S.S., Huff J.E., Muller A.R., Noronha J.A., Shaw D.A., and Tilley B.J. Emergency relief system design using DIERS technology: the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) project manual. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems, New York, 1992.
[769]
Fitzgerald R.W. Mechanics of Materials. Addison-Wesley, Boston, second edition, 1982.
[770]
Fiveland W.A. A discrete ordinates method for predicting radiative transfer in axisymmetric enclosures. ASME-paper 82-HT-20, 1982.
[771]
Fiveland W.A. Discrete ordinates solutions of radiation transport equation of rectangular enclosures. Journal of Heat Transfer, 106:699-706, 1984.
[772]
Fletcher C.A.J. Computational techniques for fluid dynamics 1: fundamental and general techniques. Springer Series in Computational Physics. Springer-Verlag, New York, second edition, 1991.
[773]
Fletcher C.A.J. Computational techniques for fluid dynamics 2: specific techniques for different flow categories. Springer Series in Computational Physics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988.
[774]
Floudas C.A. and Pardalos R.M. A collection of test problems for constrained global optimization algorithms. Number 455 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990.
[775]
Floyd J. Siting requirements for hydrogen supplies serving fuel cells in non-combustible enclosures. Technical report, Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, November 2006. Prepared for the Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, Massachusetts.
[776]
Forcier T. and Zalosh R. External pressures generated by vented gas and dust explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 13:411-417, 2000.
[777]
Formoso M. and Maclay G. The effect of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on the interface state density in MOS gas sensors with ultra-thin palladium gates. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2:11-22, 1990.
[778]
Forsberg C.W. What is the initial market for hydrogen from nuclear energy. Nuclear News, January 2005.
[779]
Fothergill C.E., Chynoweth S., Roberts P., and Packwood A. Evaluation of a cfd porous model for calculating ventilation in explosion hazard assessments. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 16:341-347, 2003.
[780]
Foucher F., Burnel S., Mounaim-Rousselle C., Boukhalfa M., Renou B., and Trinite M. Flame wall interaction: effect of stretch. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 27:431-437, 2003.
[781]
Fox M.D. An experimental study of burner-stabilized turbulent flames in premixed reactants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 268:222-239, 1962.
[782]
France D.H. Combustion characteristics of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 5:369-374, 1980.
[783]
Frank-Kamenetzky D.A. Diffusion and heat transfer in chemical kinetics. Nauka, Moscow, 1967.
[784]
Frank-Kamenetskii D.A. Diffusion and Heat Transfer in Chemical Kinetics. Plenum Press, New York, USA, second edition, 1969. Translated by J.P. Appleton.
[785]
Frenklach M., Wang H., and Rabinowitz M.J. Optimization and analysis of large chemical kinetic mechanisms using the solution mapping method-combustion of methane. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 18:47-73, 1992.
[786]
Frenklach M., Wang H. Goldenberg M., G.P. Smith, Golden D.M., Bowman C.T., Hanson R.K., Gardiner W.C., and Lissianski V. An optimized detailed chemical reaction mechanism for methane combustion. Gas Research Institute Topical Report GRI-95/0058, Gas Research Institute, 1700 South Mount Prospect Road Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804, United States of America, November 1995.
[787]
Fried E. Thermal conduction contribution to heat transfer at contacts. In R.P. Tye, editor, Thermal Conductivity, volume 2 of Thermal Conductivity, pages 1-64. Academic Press, London, 1969.
[788]
Friedrich A., Veser A., Stern G., and Kotchourko N. Hyper experiments on catastrophic hydrogen releases inside a fuel cell enclosure. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36:2678-2687, 2011.
[789]
Frink N.T. Upwind scheme for solving the Euler equations on unstructured tetrahedral meshes. AIAA Journal, 30:71-77, 1992.
[790]
Frink N.T. Recent progress towards a three-dimensional unstructured Navier-Stokes flow solver. AIAA-paper 94-0061, 1994.
[791]
Fristrom R.M. Flame Structure and Processes. John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Series in Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995.
[792]
Frolov S.M. Chemical inhibiting of hydrogen-air detonations. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[793]
Frolov S.M. Turbulent combustion and localized preflame autoignition of hydrogen-air mixture in an enclosure. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[794]
Fry R.S. and Nicholls J.A. Blast initiation and propagation of cylindrical detonations in MAPP-air mixtures. AIAA Journal, 12:1703-1708, 1974.
[795]
Fujiwara T. and Reddy K.V. Propagation mechanism of detonation - three-dimensional phenomena. Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Nagoya University, 41:1-18, 1989.
[796]
Fujiwara T. Physics and applications of gaseous detonation. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[797]
Funnemark E. and Engebo A. Development of tools for risk assessment and risk communication for hydrogen applications. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[798]
Fureby C. and Tabor G. Mathematical and physical constraints on large-eddy simulations. Theoretical Computational Fluid Dynamics, 9:85, 1997.
[799]
Furst S., Dub M., Gruber M., Lechner W., and Müller C. Safety of hydrogen-fueled motor vehicles with ic engines. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[800]
Furukawa J., Noguchi Y., and Hirano T. Investigation of flame generated turbulence in a large-scale and low-intensity turbulent premixed flame with a 3-element electrostatic probe and a 2-d ldv. Combustion Science and Technology, 154:163-178, 2000.
[801]
Gad el Hak M. The MEMS Handbook (Mechanical Engineering). CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, second edition, 2005.
[802]
Galatola E., Nava R., and Di Clemente L. Potential models for stand-alone and multi-fuel gaseous hydrogen refuelling stations: Assessment of associated risk. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[803]
Gallego E., Migoya E., Martín-Valdepeñas J.M., Crespo A., García J., Venetsanos A., Papanikolaov E., Kumar S., Studer E., Hansen O.R., Dagba Y., Jordan T., Jahn W., Hoiset S., Makarov D., and Piechna J. An intercomparison exercise on the capabilities of CFD models to predict distribution and mixing of H2 in a closed vessel. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[804]
Gallego E., García J., Migoya E., Crespo A., Kotchourko A., Yanez J., Beccantini A., Hansen O.R., Baraldi D., Hoiset S., Voort M.M., and Molkov V. An intercomparison exercise on the capabilities of CFD models to predict deflagration of a large-scale H2-air mixture in open atmosphere. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[805]
Gallego E., Migoya E., Martin-Valdepenas J.M., Crespo A., Garcia J., Venetsanos A., Papanikolaou E., Kumar S., Studer E., Dagba Y., Jordan T., Jahn W., Hoiseth S., Makarov D., and Piechna J. An intercomparison exercise on the capabilities of CFD models to predict distribution and mixing of H2 in a closed vessel. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2235-2245, 2007.
[806]
Garforth A.M. and Rallis C.J. Gas movement during flame propagation in a constant volume bomb. Acta Astronautica, 3:879-888, 1976.
[807]
Gasse A. Experimentelle bestimmung und simulation von explosionsgrenzen, untersucht an wasserstoffhaltigen brenngasgemischen. PhD thesis, University of Paderborn, Aachen, Germany, 1992.
[808]
Gatski T.B., Hussaini M.Y., and Lumley J.L. (editors). Simulation and Modeling of Turbulent Flows. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.
[809]
Gavrikov A.I., Efimenko A.A., and Dorofeev S. B. A model for detonation cell size prediction from chemical kinetics. Combustion and Flame, 120:19-33, 2000.
[810]
Gaydon A.G. and Wolfhard H.G. Spectroscopic studies of low-pressure flames; temperature measurements in acetylene flames. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 194:169-184, 1948.
[811]
Gaydon A.G. and Wolfhard H.G. Low pressure flames and flame propagation. Fuel, 29:15-19, 1950.
[812]
Gaydon A.G. and Wolfhard H.G. Flames, their structure, radiation, and temperature. Chapman and Hall, fourth edition, 1979.
[813]
Gear C.W. The automatic integration of stiff ordinary differential equations. Information Processing, 68:187-193, 1969.
[814]
Gear C.W. Algorithm 407, DIFSUB for solution of ordinary differential equations. Communications of the ACM, 4:185-190, 1971.
[815]
Gear C.W. Numerical initial value problems in ordinary differential equations. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971.
[816]
Gear C.W. The automatic integration of ordinary differential equations. Communications of the ACM, 14:176-179, 1971.
[817]
Gebhart B., Jaluria Y., Mahajan R.L., and Sammakia B. Buoyancy-induced flows and transport. Hemisphere, New York, 1988.
[818]
Germano M., Piomelli U., Moin P., and Cabot W.H. A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model. Physics of Fluids A, 3:1760-1765, 1991.
[819]
Germano M., Piomelli U., Moin P., and Cabot W.C. Erratum: a dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model. Physics of Fluids A, 3:3128, 1991.
[820]
George W.K., Alpert R.L., and Tamanini F. Turbulence measurements in an axi-symmetric buoyant plume. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 20:1145-1154, 1977.
[821]
George W.K. The decay of homogeneous turbulence. Physics of Fluids A, 4:1492-1509, 1992.
[822]
Gexcon-03-f46201-rev00, 2003. Confidential.
[823]
GexCon. Gas explosion handbook. Online: http://www.gexcon.com, 2006.
[824]
Ghoniem A.F. and Knio O.M. Numerical simulation of flame propagation in constant volume chambers. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1313-1320, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[825]
Ghosal S. An analysis of numerical errors in large-eddy simulations of turbulence. Journal of Computational Physics, 125:187-206, 1996.
[826]
Giacomazzi E., Battaglia V., and Bruno C. The coupling of turbulence and chemistry in a premixed bluff-body as studied by LES. Combustion and Flame, 138:320-335, 2004.
[827]
Gibala R. and Hehemann R.F. Hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking. American Society for Metals, New York, 2002. Sixth reprint of the 1984 edition.
[828]
Gibbs G.J. and Calcote H.F. Effect of molecular structure on burning velocity. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 4(3):226-237, July 1959.
[829]
Gibson M.M. Hydrodynamics of confined coaxial jets. In N.P. Cheremisinoff, editor, Dynamics of single-fluid flows and mixing, volume 2 of Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, chapter 14, pages 367-390. Gulf Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 1986.
[830]
Gicquel O., Thevenin D., Hilka M., and Darabiha N. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent premixed flames using intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds. Combustion Theory Modelling, 3:479-502, 1999.
[831]
Giesbrecht H. Analyse der potentiellen Explosionswirkung von kurzzeitig in die Atmosphaere freigesetzten Brenngasmengen, Teil I: Gesetze der Wolkenausbreitung und -deflagration aus Berstversuchen and Metallbehaeltern. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 52:114-122, 1980.
[832]
Giesbrecht H. Analyse der potentiellen Explosionswirkung von kurzzeitig in die Atmosphaere freigesetzten Brenngasmengen, Teil II: Gesetze der Wolkenausbreitung und -deflagration aus Berstversuchen and Metallbehaeltern. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 53:1-10, 1981.
[833]
Giesbrecht H. Evaluation of vapour cloud explosions by damage analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 17:247-257, 1988.
[834]
Gilbert M. The influence of pressure on flame speed. In Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 74-83, New York, 1957. The Combustion Institute.
[835]
Gilmore R. Catastrophe Theory for Scientists and Engineers. Dover Publications, New York, 1981.
[836]
Ginsburg T. The Conjugate Gradient Method. In Wilkinson J.H. and Reinsch C., editors, Handbook for Automatic Computation, volume 2, chapter 1, pages 57-69. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971.
[837]
Glaister P. An approximate linearised Riemann solver for the Euler equations for real gases. Journal of Computational Physics, 74:382-408, 1988.
[838]
Glarborg P., Alzueta M.U., Dam-Johansen K., and Miller J.A. Kinetic modelling of hydrocarbon/nitric oxide interactions in a flow reactor. Combustion and Flame, 115:1-27, 1998. Translated from Russian by I. Bohachevsky.
[839]
Glassman I. Combustion. Academic Press, second edition, 1987.
[840]
Glassman I. Combustion. Academic Press, New York, third edition, 1996.
[841]
Glauert M.B. The wall jet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1:625-643, 1956.
[842]
Glenn-Sellar R., Youngquist R.C., and Firnschild F. Novel technique for detection and imaging of hydrogen leaks. UCF/FSEC Project, 2003.
[843]
Godunov S.K. Finite difference method for numerical computation of discontinous solution of the equations of fluid dynamics. Matematicheskii Sbornik, 47:271, 1959. Translated from Russian by I. Bohachevsky.
[844]
Goldstein S., Borgard J.M., and Vitart X. Upperbound and best estimate of the efficiency of the IS cycle. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30:619-626, 2005.
[845]
Golub G.H. and Reinsch C. Singular value decomposition and least squares solutions. In Wilkinson J.H. and Reinsch C., editors, Handbook for Automatic Computation, volume 2, chapter 1, pages 134-152. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971.
[846]
Golub G.H. and Van Loan C.F. Matrix Computations. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, third edition, 1996.
[847]
Golub V.V., Baklanov D.I., Golovastov S.V., Ivanov M.F., Laskin I.N., Saveliev A.S., Semin N.V., and Volodin V.V. Mechanisms of high-pressure hydrogen gas self-ignition in tubes. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:185-198, 2008.
[848]
Goodwin D.G. Cantera C++ User's Guide. California Institute of Technology, October 2002.
[849]
Goody R.M. Atmospheric radiation I: theoretical basis. Claredon Press, Oxford, 1964.
[850]
Gosman A.D. and Lockwood F.C. Incorporation of a flux model for radiation into a finite-difference procedure for furnace calculations. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 661-671, Pittsburgh, 1972. The Combustion Institute.
[851]
Gostintsev Yu.A., Istratov A.G., and Shulenin Yu.V. Self-similar propagation of a free turbulent flame in mixed gas mixtures. Fizika Goreniya I Vzryva, 24:63-70, 1988.
[852]
Gottfried B.S., Lee C.J., and Bell K.J. The Leidenfrost phenomenon: film boiling of liquid droplets on a flat plate. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 9:1167-1187, 1966. De aquae communis nonullis qualitatibus tractatus-On the fixation of water in diverse fire. A tract about some qualities of common water (translated from Latin into English by C. Wares).
[853]
Gouldin F.C. An application of fractals to modeling premixed turbulent flames. Combustion and Flame, 68:249-266, 1987.
[854]
Gouldin F.C., Hilton S.M., and Lamb T. Experimental evaluation of the fractal geometry of flamelets. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 541-550, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[855]
Granovskiy E.A., Lyfar V.A., Skob Yu.A., and Ugryumov M.L. Numerical modeling of hydrogen release, mixture and dispersion in atmosphere. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[856]
Grant C.C. Halon design calculations. In P.J. DiNenno, D. Drysdale, C.L. Beyler, W.D. Walton, R.L.P. Custer, J.R. Hall, and J.M. Watts, editors, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Section 4: Design Calculations, chapter 4-6, pages 4-149 - 4-172. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, third edition, 2002.
[857]
Grasso N., Ciannelli N., Pilo F., Carcassi M., and Ceccherini F. Fire prevention technical rule for gaseous hydrogen refuelling stations. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[858]
Gray A. Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces. Studies in advanced mathematics. CRC Press, Inc., 1993.
[859]
Green A.R. and Nehzat N. Numerical simulation of gas explosions. In The 1997 Australian Symposium on Combustion and The Fifth Australian Flame Days, pages 48-52, 1997.
[860]
Greiner M. and Suo-Anttila A. Validation of the isis-3d computer code for simulating large pool fires under a variety of wind conditions. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Transactions of the ASME, 126:360-368, 2004.
[861]
Griffiths J.F. and Barnard J.A. Flame and Combustion. Chapman & Hall, London, third edition, 1995.
[862]
Grigorash A., Eber R., and Molkov V. Theoretical model of vented gaseous deflagrations in enclosures with inertial vent covers. In D. Bradley, D. Drysdale, and V. Molkov, editors, Fire and Explosion Hazards, Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar, 8-12 September 2003, Londonderry, United Kingdom, pages 445-456, Newtownabbey, Northeren Ireland, United Kingdom, 2004. FireSERT, University of Ulster.
[863]
Grigorieva S.A., Millet P., Korobtsev S.V., Porembskiy V.I., Pepic M., Etievant C., Puyenchet C., and Fateev V.N. Hydrogen safety aspects related to high-pressure polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:5986-5991, 2009.
[864]
Groethe M., Colton J., Chiba S., and Sato Y. Hydrogen deflagrations at large scale. WHEC, 2004.
[865]
Groethe M., Merilo E., Colton J., Chiba S., Sato Y., and Iwabuchi H. Large-scale hydrogen deflagrations and detonations. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[866]
Groethe M., Merilo E., Colton J., Chiba S., Sato Y., and Iwabuchi H. Large-scale hydrogen deflagrations and detonations. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2125-2133, 2007.
[867]
Groff E.G. The cellular nature of confined spherical propane-air flames. Combustion and Flame, 48:51-62, 1982.
[868]
Grossel S.S. Deflagration and detonation flame arresters. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2002.
[869]
Grosshandler W.L. Radiative heat transfer in nonhomogeneous gases: A simplified approach. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 23:1447-1459, 1980.
[870]
Grosshandler W.L. and Modak A.T. Radiation from nonhomogeneous combustion products. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 601-609, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[871]
Grumer J., Cook E.B., and Kubaba T.A. Considerations pertaining to spherical-vessel combustion. Combustion and Flame, 3:437-446, 1959.
[872]
Gu X.J., Haq M.Z., Lawes M., and Woolley R. Laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of methane-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 121:41-58, 2000.
[873]
Gu X.J., Emerson D.R., and Bradley D. Modes for reaction front propagation from hot spots. Combustion and Flame, 133:63-74, 2003.
[874]
Guerra J. and Gustafsson B. A numerical method for incompressible and compressible flow problems with smooth solutions. Journal of Computational Physics, 63:377-397, 1986.
[875]
Guezennec Y.G., Piomelli U., and Kim J. On the shape and dynamics of wall structures in turbulent channel flow. Physics of Fluids A, 1:764-766, 1989.
[876]
Guirao C.H., Knystautas R., Lee J.H.S., Benedick W., and Berman M. Hydrogen-air detonations. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 583-590, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[877]
Guirao C.M., Knystautas R., and J.H. Lee. A summary of hydrogen-air detonation experiments. Technical Report NUREG/CR-4961 and SAND87-7128, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6, May 1989. Prepared for Division of Systems Research Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555, NRC FIN A1246. Under Contract to: Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185.
[878]
Gülder Ö.L. Flame temperature estimation of conventional and future jet fuels. ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 108:376-380, 1986.
[879]
Gülder Ö.L. Turbulent premixed flame propagation models for different combustion regimes. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 743-750, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[880]
Gülder Ö.L. Turbulent premixed combustion modelling using fractal geometry. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 835-842, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[881]
Gülder Ö.L. Contribution of small scale turbulence to burning velocity of flamelets in the thin reaction zone regime. In Proceedings of the Thirty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1369-1375, Pittsburgh, 2007. The Combustion Institute.
[882]
Guhlmann K., Pusch W., and Wagner H.Gg. Einflus des Rohrdurchmessers auf die Ausbreitung einer Detonation in explosiblen Gasgemischen Teil II: Einflus des Ausgangsdruckes und des Rohrdurchmessers auf die Detonationsgrenzen der Systeme CH4-O2-N2 und CH4-O2-Ar. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 70:143-148, 1966.
[883]
Günther R. and Janisch G. Measurements of burning velocity in a flat flame front. Combustion and Flame, 19:49-53, 1972.
[884]
Gurson A.L. Continuum theory of ductile rupture by void nucleation and growth. J. Eng. Mat. Technol., 123:203-209, 1977.
[885]
Gustafsson K. Control-theoretic techniques for selection in explicit Runge-Kutta methods. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 17:533-554, 1991.
[886]
Gustafsson K. Control-theoretic techniques for selection in implicit Runge-Kutta methods. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 20:496-517, 1994.
[887]
Hairer E. and Wanner G. On the instability of the BDF formulas. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 20:1206-1209, 1983.
[888]
Hairer E., Lubich Ch., and Roche M. Error of Runge-Kutta methods for stiff problems studied via differential algebraic equations. BIT Numerical Mathematics, 28:678-700, 1988.
[889]
Hairer E., Norsett S.P., and Wanner G. Solving ordinary differential equations. I. Nonstiff problems, volume 8 of Springer Series in Computational Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, second edition, 1993.
[890]
Hairer E. and Wanner G. Solving ordinary differential equations. II. Stiff and differential-algebraic problems, volume 14 of Springer Series in Computational Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, second edition, 1996.
[891]
Halevi E.A. Orbital symmetry and reaction mechanism. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
[892]
Hall C.M. Process of reducing aluminium from its fluoride salts by electrolysis. United States Patent 400664, April 1889.
[893]
Hall R.S., Board S.J., Clare A.J., Duffey R.B., Playle T.S., and Poole D.H. Inverse Leidenfrost phenomenon. Nature, 224:266-267, 1969.
[894]
Halpern C. Measurement of flame speed by a nozzle burner method. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 60(6):535-546, June 1958.
[895]
Halstead M.P., Pye D.B., and Quinn C.P. Laminar burning velocities and weak flammability limits under engine-like conditions. Combustion and Flame, 22:89-97, 1974.
[896]
Halvorsen B.G. and Hoiset S. Hydrogen fuelling station, CEP-Berlin - safety risk assesment and authority approval experience and lessons learned. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[897]
Hamamoto Y., Ohkawa H., Yamamoto H., and Sugahara R. Effects of turbulence on combustion of homogeneous mixture of fuel and air in closed vessels. Bulletin of JSME, 27:756-762, 1984.
[898]
Hamberger P., Schneider H., Jamois D., and Proust C. Correlation of turbulent burning velocity and turbulence intensity for starch dust air mixtures. Proceedings of the Third European Combustion Meeting, 11-13 April 2007, Chania, Greece, 2007.
[899]
Hanjalic K. A Reynolds stress model of turbulence and its applications to thin shear flows. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 52:609-638, 1972.
[900]
Hanjalic K. One-point closure models for buoyancy driven flows. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 34:321-347, 2002.
[901]
Hanna S.R. and Strimaitis D. Workbook on test cases for vapour cloud source dispersion mnodels. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1989.
[902]
Hansen J., Russell G., Rind D., Stone P., Lacis A., Lebedeff S., Ruedy R., and Travis L. Efficient three-dimensional global models for climate studies: Models I and II. Monthly Weather Review, 111:609-662, 1983.
[903]
Hansen O.R., Renoult J., Sherman M.P., and Tieszen S.R. Validation of FLACS-Hydrogen CFD consequence prediction model against large scale H2 explosion experiments in the flame facility. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[904]
Hansen O.R. and Middha P. CFD-based risk assessment for hydrogen applications. Process Safety Progress, 27:29-34, 2008.
[905]
Haq M.Z., Sheppard C.G.W., Woolley R., Greenhalgh D.A., and Lockett R.D. Wrinkling and curvature of laminar and turbulent premixed flames. Combustion and Flame, 131:1-15, 2002.
[906]
Haraldsen K. and Leth-Olsen H. Stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels in high-pressure alkaline electrolysers. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[907]
Hara S., Ishitsuka M., Suda H., Mukaida M., and Haraya K. Pressure-dependent hydrogen permeability extended for metal membranes not obeying the square-root law. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113:9795-9801, 2009.
[908]
Harper F. Ultimate hydrocarbon resources in the 21st century. Presentation at the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Conference: Oil & Gas in the 21st Century, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 12-15 September 1999.
[909]
Harrison A.J. and Eyre J.A. External explosions as a result of explosion venting. Combustion Science and Technology, 52:91-106, 1987.
[910]
Harstad K. and Bellan J. Global analysis and parametric dependencies for potential unintended hydrogen fuel releases. Combustion and Flame, 144:89-102, 2006.
[911]
Harten A. High resolution schemes for hyperbolic conservation-laws. Journal of Computational Physics, 49:357-393, 1983.
[912]
Harten A. and Osher S. Uniformly high order essentially non-oscillatory schemes I. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 24:279-309, 1987.
[913]
Harten A., Enquist B., Osher S., and Chakravarthy S. Uniformly high order essentially non-oscillatory schemes III. Journal of Computational Physics, 71:231-303, 1987.
[914]
Hassan M.I., Aung K.T., and Faeth G.M. Properties of laminar premixed CO/H2/air flames at various pressures. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 13:239-245, 1997.
[915]
Hassan M.I., Aung K.T., and Faeth G.M. Measured and predicted properties of laminar premixed methane/air flames at various pressures. Combustion and Flame, 115:539-550, 1998.
[916]
Hauert F., Vogl A., and Radandt S. Measurement of turbulence and dust concentrations in silos and vessels. In D. Xufan and P. Wolanski, editors, The Sixth International Colloquium on Dust Explosions, pages 71-80, 1994.
[917]
Hauptmanns U. A procedure for analyzing the flight of missiles from explosions of cylindrical vessels. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 14:395-402, 2001.
[918]
Hauptmanns U. Semi-quantitative fault tree analysis for process plant safety using frequency and probability ranges. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 17:339-345, 2004.
[919]
Havens J.A. and Spicer T.O. LNG vapor pispersion prediction with the DEGADIS dense gas dispersion model. Gas Research Institute Report 89-0242, NASA, Des Plaines, Illinois, 1990.
[920]
Havens J.A. and Spicer T.O. LNG vapor cloud exclusion zones for spills into impoundments. Process Safety Progress, 24:181-186, 2005.
[921]
Hawkes E.R. and Cant R.S. Physical and numerical realizability requirements for flame surface density approaches to large-eddy simulation of premixed turbulent combustion. Combustion Theory Modelling, 5:699-720, 2001.
[922]
Hawkes E.R. and Cant R.S. Implication of a flame surface density approach to large eddy simulation of premixed turbulent combustion. Combustion and Flame, 126:1617-1629, 2001.
[923]
Hawkes E.R. and Cant R.S. A flame surface density approach to large-eddy simulation of premixed turbulent combustion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 51-58, Pittsburgh, 2000. The Combustion Institute.
[924]
Hayashi T. and Watanbe S. Hydrogen safety for fuel cell vehicles. www.hysafe.org, xxx.
[925]
Hayashi A.K. and Tsuboi N. Fundamentals of hydrogen ignition and high pressure hydrogen jet auto-ignition. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008. With contributions from Chihiro Kamei, Shingo Ida, Keisuke Aizawa, Delphine Pinto, Yun-Feng Liu, Hiroyuki Sato, Satoru Watanabe, Takuya Negami, Satoru Watanabe, Eisuke Yamada, Fumio Higashino, Youhi Mori, Mitsuo Koshi, Toshio Mogi, Dongjoon Kim, Hiroumi Shiina, and, Sadashige Horiguchi.
[926]
He L. and Clavin P. On the direct initiation of gaseous detonation by an energy source. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 277:227-248, 1994.
[927]
He L. and Lee J.H.S. The dynamic limit of one-dimensional detonations. Physics of Fluids, 7:1151-1158, 1995.
[928]
He L. Theoretical determination of the critical conditions for the direct initiation of detonations in hydrogen-oxygen mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 104:401-418, 1996.
[929]
Health and Safety Executive. Reducing risk, protecting people. HSE Books, 2001. (online: http://www.hse.gov.uk/risk/theory/r2p2.pdf).
[930]
Health and Safety Executive. Five steps to risk assessment. Leaflet to help you assess health and safety risks in the workplace, June 2006. (online: http://www.hse.gov.uk/publications/indg163.pdf).
[931]
http://www.heatric.com/compact_heat_exchangers.html.
[932]
Heicklen J. Atmospheric chemistry. Academic Press, London, 1976.
[933]
Heij W.B.C. de. On the application of laser doppler anemometry to the transient flow inside the standard 20-litre explosion sphere. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, January 1998.
[934]
Hellman M.E. Generation of flame front generated turbulence. The Bent of Tau Beta Pi, Spring Issue:14-22, 2008.
[935]
Hendricks R.C., Peller I.C., and Baron A.K. Joule-Thomson inversion curves and related coefficients for several simple fluids. NASA Technical Note NASA TN D-6807, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, July 1972.
[936]
Henrie J.O. and Postma A.K. Lessons Learned from Hydrogen Generation and Burning During the TMI-2 Event. Rockwell International Report for DOE, March 1987.
[937]
Hentschel H.G.E. and Procaccia I. Relative diffusion in turbulent media: the fractal dimension of clouds. Physical Review A, 29:1461-1470, 1984.
[938]
Herbon J.T., Hanson R.K., Golden D.M., and Bowman C.T. A shock tube study of the enthalpy of formation of OH. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1201-1208, Pittsburgh, 2002. The Combustion Institute.
[939]
Hertzberg M., Cashdollar K.L., and Zlochower I.A. Flammability limit measurements for dusts and gases: Ignition energy requirements and pressure dependences. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 303-313, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[940]
Hertzberg M. and Cashdollar K.L. Introduction to dust explosions. In K.L. Cashdollar and M. Hertzberg, editors, Industrial Dust Explosions, number 958 in ASTM STP, pages 5-32, Philadelphia, 1987. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
[941]
Herzberg G. Molecular spectra and molecular structure I. Spectra of diatomic molecules. D. van Nostrand Company Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1950.
[942]
Hestenes M.R. and Stiefel E. Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear systems. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 49:409-436, 1952.
[943]
Higdon A., Ohlsen E.H., Stiles W.B., Weese J.A., and Riley W.F. Mechanics of materials. John Wiley & Sons, New York, fourth edition, 1985.
[944]
Hightower M., Gritzo L., Luketa-Hanlin A., Covan J., Tieszen S., Wellman G., Irwin M., Kaneshige M., Melof B., Morrow C., and Ragland D. Guidance on risk analysis and safety implications of a large liquefied natural gas (LNG) spill over water. Technical Report SAND2004-6258, Sandia National Laboratories, 2004.
[945]
Hindmarsh A.C. GEAR: Ordinary differential equation system solver. Technical Report UCID-3001, University of California, Livermore, 1974.
[946]
Hindmarsh A.C., Brown P.N., Grant K.E., Lee S.L., Serban R., Shumaker D.E., and Woodward C.S. SUNDIALS: Suite of Nonlinear and Differential/Algebraic Equation Solvers. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 31:363-396, 2005.
[947]
Hindmarsh A.C. and Serban R. User Documentation for CVODE v2.5.0. Technical Report UCRL-SM-208108, Center for Applied Scientic Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America, November 2006.
[948]
Hindmarsh A.C. and Serban R. Example Programs for CVODE v2.5.0. Technical Report UCRL-SM-208110, Center for Applied Scientic Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America, November 2006.
[949]
Hindmarsh A.C. and Serban R. User Documentation for CVODES v2.5.0. Technical Report UCRL-SM-208111, Center for Applied Scientic Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America, November 2006.
[950]
Hindmarsh A.C., Serban R., and Collier A.M. User Documentation for IDA v2.5.0. Technical Report UCRL-SM-208112, Center for Applied Scientic Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America, November 2006.
[951]
Hindmarsh A.C., Serban R., and Collier A.M. Example Programs for IDA v2.5.0. Technical Report UCRL-SM-208112, Center for Applied Scientic Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America, November 2006.
[952]
Hinshelwood C.N. and Williams A.T. The Reaction between Hydrogen and Oxygen. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1934.
[953]
Hinze J.O. Turbulence. McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering, New York, second edition, 1975.
[954]
Hirano T. Generation of flame front generated turbulence. Combustion Science and Technology, 158:16-35, 2000.
[955]
Hirano T. Reacting fluid dynamics I: Fundamentals of hydrogen-air combustion. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[956]
Hirano T. Reacting fluid dynamics II: Phenomena in the hydrogen-air boundary or mixing layer. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[957]
Hirsch C. Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, volume 1 of Wiley series in numerical methods in engineering. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988.
[958]
Hirsch C. Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, volume 2 of Wiley series in numerical methods in engineering. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
[959]
Hirsch C. Numerical computation of internal and external flows: fundamentals of computational fluid dynamics, volume 1. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, United Kingdom, second edition, 2007.
[960]
Hirsch R.L., Bezdek R., and Wendling R. Peaking of world oil production: impacts, mitigation, & risk management. A report prepared for the government of the United States of America, February 2005.
[961]
Hirschfelder J.O. and Curtiss C.F. Theory of propagation of flames. Part I: general equation. In Proceedings of the Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 121-127, Baltimore, 1949. Williams and Wilkins.
[962]
Hirschfelder J.O. and Curtiss C.F. The theory of flame propagation. Journal of Chemical Physics, 17:1076-1081, 1949.
[963]
Hirschfelder J.O., Curtiss C.F., and Bird R.B. The molecular theory of gases and liquids. John Wiley & Sons, New York, fourth edition, 1967.
[964]
Hirst P.H. Knowledge and the curriculum: A collection of philosophical papers. Routeledgen & kegan Paul, London, 1974.
[965]
Hjertager B.H. Simulation of transient compressible turbulent reactive flows. Combustion Science and Technology, 27:159-170, 1982.
[966]
Hjertager B.H., Fuhre K., and Bjorkhaug M. Gas explosion experiments in 1:33 and 1:5 scale offshore separator and compressor modules using stoichiometric homogeneous fuel/air clouds. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 1:197-205, 1988.
[967]
Hjertager B.H., Solberg T., and Nymoen K.O. Computer modelling of gas explosion propagation in offshore modules. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 5:165-174, 1992.
[968]
Hjertager B.H. Computer modelling of turbulent gas explosions in complex 2d and 3d geometries. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 34:173-197, 1993.
[969]
Hoagland W., Benson D.K., and Smith R.D. Novel wide-area hydrogen sensing technology. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, San Sebastian, Spain, 11-13 September 2007.
[970]
Hochst S. and Leuckel W. On the effect of venting large vessels with mass inert panels. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 11:89-97, 1998.
[971]
HOFER. Dry-running HOFER piston compressors for hydrogen application with hydraulic drive unit, type TKH, 2006. http://www.freesen.de/hydrogenexpo/2006/.
[972]
Hoevenaars A.J. and Kirchsteiger C. Agent-based as an alternative to prognostic modeling of safety risks in hydrogen energy scenarios. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[973]
Hoiset S., Hjertager B.H., Solberg T., and Malo K.A. Statistical estimation of loads from gas explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 10:271-283, 1997.
[974]
Hoiset S., Hjertager B.H., Solberg T., and Malo K.A. Properties of simulated gas explosions of interest to the structural design process. Process Safety Progress, 17:278-287, 1998.
[975]
Hoiset S., Hjertager B.H., Solberg T., and Malo K.A. Flixborough revisited-an explosion simulation approach. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 77:1-9, 2000.
[976]
Holley A.T., Dong Y., Andac M.G., and Egolfopoulos F.N. Extinction of premixed flames of practical liquid fuels: experiments and simulations. Combustion and Flame, 144:448-460, 2006.
[977]
Holman J.P. Heat transfer. McGraw-Hill, New York, eighth edition, 1997.
[978]
Holman J.P. Heat transfer. McGraw-Hill, New York, ninth edition, 2002.
[979]
Holt M. Numerical methods in fluid dynamics. Springer Series in Computational Physics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977.
[980]
Holzbauer H. and Wolf L. GOTHIC verification on behalf of HDR-hydrogen mixing experiments. Nuclear Technology, 125:166-181, 1999.
[981]
Hopkinson B. British Ordnance Board Minutes 13565, 1915.
[982]
Hord C.W., Pryor W.R., Stewart A.I.F., Simmons K.E., Gebben J.J., Barth C.A., McClintock W.E., Esposito L.W., Tobiska W.K., West R.A., Edberg S.J., Ajello J.M., and Naviaux K.L. Direct observations of the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragment G impact by Galileo UVS. Geophysical Research Letters, 22:1565-1568, 1995.
[983]
Hori M. et al. Synergistic hydrogen production by nuclear-heated steam reforming of fossil fuels. 1st COE-INES Int. Symp. on Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems for Sustainable Development of the World, Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 2004, Paper 43, 2004.
[984]
Hottel H.C. and Hawthorne W.R. Diffusion in laminar flame jets. In Proceedings of the Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 253-266, Baltimore, 1949. Williams and Wilkins.
[985]
Hottel H.C. and Sarofim A.F. Radiative Transfer. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.
[986]
Houf W. and Schefer R. Predicting radiative heat fluxes and flammability envelopes from unintended releases of hydrogen. Presented at the 16th Annual Hydrogen Conference and Hydrogen Expo, Washington, D.C., United states of America, 2005, 29 March - April 2005.
[987]
Houf W. and Schefer R. Predicting radiative heat fluxes and flammability envelopes from unintended releases of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:136-141, 2007.
[988]
Howard G.W., Tchouvelev A.V., Cheng Z., and Agranat V.M. Defining hazardous zones - electrical classification distances. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[989]
Howard W.B. and Karabinis A.H. Tests of explosion venting of buildings. Plant/Operations Progress, 1:51-65, 1982.
[990]
Howell J.R. and Perlmutter M. Monte-carlo solution of thermal transfer through radiant media between gray walls. Journal of Heat Transfer, 86:116-122, 1964.
[991]
Howell J.R. The monte carlo method in radiative heat transfer. Journal of Heat Transfer, 120:547-560, 1998.
[992]
Huang Z.W. and Van Tiggelen P.J. Experimental study of the fine structure in spin detonations. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 153:132-143, 1993.
[993]
Hubbard J.R. Theory and problems of programming with C++. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, second edition, 2000.
[994]
Hubbert M.K. Nuclear energy and the fossil fuels, presented before the spring meeting of the southern district, division of production, american petroleum institute plaza hotel, san antonio, texas march 7-9, 1956. Publication No. 95, Shell Development Company, Exploration and Production Research Drvision, Houston, Texas, June 1956.
[995]
Hübert T. Gas sensors for hydrogen safety. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[996]
Hucknall J.D. Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Combustion. Chapman and Hall, London, 1985.
[997]
Hughes W.F. and Brighton J.A. Theory and problems of Fluid Dynamics. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999.
[998]
Hunsperger E.A. and Wilcox C.L. Capsaicin-induced reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in sensory neurons in culture. Journal of General Virology, 84:1071-1078, 2003.
[999]
Hunt G.R. and Linden P.F. Steady-state flows in an enclosure ventilated buoyancy forces assisted by wind. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 426:355-386, 2001.
[1000]
Hunt G.R. and Kaye N.G. Virtual origin correction for lazy turbulent plumes. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 435:377-396, 2001.
[1001]
Hunt J.C.R. Turbulent diffusion from sources in complex flows. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 17:447-485, 1985.
[1002]
Hunt J.C.R. Industrial and environmental fluid mechanics. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 23:1-41, 1991.
[1003]
Huntington S.P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon & Schuster, New York, 1998.
[1004]
HyApproval WP2. Handbook for hydrogen refuelling station approval. Technical Report Deliverable 2.2, Version 2.0, HyApproval Consortium, www.hyapproval.org, December 2007. Prepared under under FP6 Priority 1.6, Contract Number SES6 - 019813.
[1005]
Hydrogen Now. http://www.hydrogennow.org.
[1006]
Hynet Partners. Hydrogen in the energy sector. On the way towards a European hydrogen energy roadmap. Data source book. Chapter 4: Hydrogen applications, May 2004. http://www.hyways.de/hynet/.
[1007]
HySafe. The Biennial Report on Hydrogen Safety. http://www.hysafe.org/wiki/BRHS/.
[1008]
HySafe Consortium. International Curriculum on Hydrogen Safety Engineering, Living document. Url: http://www.hysafe.org/Curriculum.
[1009]
HySafe - Annex I - Description of Work. Safety of hydrogen as an energy carrier, Proposal 502630 (HySafe), December 2004. A Proposal for a Sixth framework Network of Excellence.
[1010]
IAEA. Hydrogen in water-cooled nuclear power reactors. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, and Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, 1990.
[1011]
IAEA-TECDOC-1196. Mitigation of hydrogen hazards in water cooled power reactors. International Atomic Energy Agency, February 1998.
[1012]
IEC-TC-105. Fuel cell technologies - part 3-3: Stationary fuel cell power plants - installation, 2005. Draft as submitted on October 26 to TC105.
[1013]
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institut für Energieforschung. Basic terms and operating principle of a fuel cell electricity generation system. http://www.fz-juelich.de/ief/ief-3/fuel_cells/principles/.
[1014]
Iibas M. The effect of thermal radiation and radiation models on hydrogen-hydrocarbon combustion modelling. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30:1113-1126, 2005.
[1015]
Iijima T. and Takeno T. Effects of temperature and pressure on burning velocity. Combustion and Flame, 65:35-43, 1986.
[1016]
Im H.G. and Lund T.S. Large eddy simulation of turbulent front propagation with dynamic subgrid models. Physics of Fluids, 9:3826-3833, 1997.
[1017]
Incropera F.P. and De Witt D.P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, fifth edition, 2002.
[1018]
Incropera F.P., De Witt D.P., Bergman T.L., and Lavine A.S. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, sixth edition, 2006.
[1019]
INERIS. Formalisation du savoir et des outils dans le domaine des risques accidentels (dra-35). Version Projet, Les éclatements de reservoirs, L'Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France, 2004.
[1020]
International Energy Agency. Need for renewables. Developing a new generation of sustainable energy technologies. Long-term R&D needs. A Report on a Workshop of the Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA)., 2001.
[1021]
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group I. Summary for policymakers: a report of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available online: www.ipcc.ch/pub/spm22-01.pdf, 2001.
[1022]
Iskov H. (safety aspects and authority approval of the use of hydrogen in vehicles (in danish). Dansk Gasteknisk Center, Projektrapport 1763/98-0019, August 2000.
[1023]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO 6184-1. Explosion Protection Systems - Part 1: Determination of explosion indices of combustible dusts in air. The International Organization for Standardization, 1985. International Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies.
[1024]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO 11114-4:2005. Transportable gas cylinders - Compatibility of cylinder and valve materials with gas contents - Part 4: Test methods for selecting metallic materials resistant to hydrogen embrittlement. The International Organization for Standardization, 2005. International Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 58 Gas cylinders.
[1025]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO DIS16110-1. Hydrogen generators using fuel processing technologies - Part 1: Safety. The International Organization for Standardization, 2007. International Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies.
[1026]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO DIS/CD 16111. Transportable gas storage devices - Hydrogen absorbed in reversible metal hydride. The International Organization for Standardization, 2005. Draft International Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies.
[1027]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO DIS22734-1. Hydrogen generators using water electrolysis process - Part 1: Industrial and commercial applications. The International Organization for Standardization, 2005. Draft International Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies.
[1028]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO FDIS17268:2006(E). Compressed hydrogen surface vehicle refuelling connection devices. The International Organization for Standardization, 2006. Draft International Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies.
[1029]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO/IEC 14882. Programming languages - C++, First Edition. Reference number ISO IEC 14882:1998(e). The American National Standards Institute, 1998. International Standard. Processed and adopted by ASC X3 and approved by ANSI as an American National Standard.
[1030]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO/IEC 14882. Programming languages - C++, First Edition. Reference number ISO IEC 14882:2003(e). The American National Standards Institute, 2003. International Standard. Adopted by INCITS (International Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.
[1031]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO PDTS 20012. Gaseous hydrogen - Fuelling stations. The International Organization for Standardization, 2007. Draft International Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies.
[1032]
International Standardization Organization (ISO), ISO TR 15916(E). Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems. First Edition. Reference number ISO TR 15916:2004(E). The International Organization for Standardization, 2004. International Standard, Prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 197 Hydrogen Technologies.
[1033]
International Standardization Organization (ISO). Documentation - Bibliographic references - Content, form and structure, 1987. ISO 690.
[1034]
International Standardization Organization (ISO). Information and documentation - Bibliographic references - Part 2: Electronic documents or parts thereof, 1997. ISO 690-2.
[1035]
International Standardization Organization (ISO). Explosion protection systems - Part 1: Determination of explosion indices of combustible dusts in air, 1985. ISO 6184/1.
[1036]
Issa R. Solution of the implicit discretized fluid flow equations by operator-splitting. Journal of Computational Physics, 62:40-65, 1985.
[1037]
Itoh S., Shinoda M., Kitagawa K., Arai N., Lee Y.-I., Zhao D., and Yamashita H. Spatially resolved elemental analysis of a hydrogen-air diffusion flame by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS). Microchemical Journal, 70:143-152, 2001.
[1038]
Ivings M.J., Lea C.J., and Ledin H.S. Outstanding safety questions concerning the analysis of ventilation and gas dispersion in gas turbine enclosures: best practice guidelines for CFD. Technical Report Report CM/03/12, Health and Safety Laboratory, 2004.
[1039]
Jacobsen R. Drukverandering in een bol na injectie van een stikstof-maizena mengsel, 1997. Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology (Internal Report).
[1040]
Jaluria Y. Hydrodynamics of laminar byoyant jets. In N.P. Cheremisinoff, editor, Dynamics of single-fluid flows and mixing, volume 2 of Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, chapter 12, pages 317-348. Gulf Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 1986.
[1041]
Jameson A., Baker T.J., and Weatherhill N.P. Calculation of inviscid flow over a complete aircraft. AIAA-paper 86-0103, 1986.
[1042]
Jameson A. and Baker T.J. Improvements to the aircraft Euler method. AIAA-paper 87-0425, 1987.
[1043]
Jamois D. Caract'erisation des dysfonctionnements des d'etecteurs de gaz provoqu'es par la pr'esence de polluants sp'ecifiques dans l'atmosph`ere. Rapport Minist'ere de l'Environnement et de l'Am'enagement du Territoire, 1997.
[1044]
Janisch G. Geschwindigkeits- und Temperaturverteilung in einer ebenen laminaren Flammenfront. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 43:561-565, 1971.
[1045]
Jawahar P. and Kamath H. A high-resolution procedure for Euler and Navier-Stokes computations on unstructured grids. Journal of Computational Physics, 164:165-203, 2000.
[1046]
Janssen H., Bringmann J.C., Emonts B., and Schroeder V. Safety-related studies on hydrogen production in high-pressure electrolysers. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 29:759-770, 2004.
[1047]
Jay L.O. Inexact simplified Newton iterations for implicit Runge-Kutta methods. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 38:1369-1388, 2001.
[1048]
Jessberger E.K. and Kissel J. Chemical properties of cometary dust and a note on carbon isotopes. In J. Rahe, R.L. Newburn Jr., and M. Neugebauer, editors, Comets in the Post-Halley Era, pages 1075-1092. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1991.
[1049]
Jiang G. and Shu C.-W. Efficient implementation of weighted ENO schemes. Journal of Computational Physics, 126:201-228, 1996.
[1050]
Jiang X., Fan B., Ye J., and Dong G. Experimental investigations on the external pressure during venting. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 18:21-26, 2005.
[1051]
Jiménez M.A., Martín-Valdepeñas, Martín-Fuertes F., and Fernández J.A. A detailed chemistry model for transient hydrogen and carbon monoxide catalytic recombination on parallel flat Pt surfaces implemented in an integral code. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 237:460-472, 2007.
[1052]
Jirka G.H. Integral model for turbulent buoyant jets in unbounded stratified flows. Part 1: Single round jet. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 4:1-56, 2004.
[1053]
Jirka G.H. Integral model for turbulent buoyant jets in unbounded stratified flows. Part 2: Plane jet dynamics resulting from multiport diffuser jets. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 6:43-100, 2006.
[1054]
Johns C.O. and Breese Jones D.B. The proteins of the peanut, arachis hypogaea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 3:365-369, 1917.
[1055]
Johnson D.A., Shirvill L.C., and Ungut A. CFD calculation of impinging gas jet flames. Offshore Technology Report OTO 1999 011, April 1999. Prepared for the Health and Safety Executive.
[1056]
Johnson R.G., McIntosh A.C., and Yang X.S. Modelling of fast flame-shock wave interactions with a variable piston speed. Combustion Theory Modelling, 7:29-44, 2003.
[1057]
Johnson R.W., Rudy S.W., and Unwin S.D. Essential practices for managing chemical reactivity hazards. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 2003.
[1058]
Johnston I.A. The Noble-Abel equation of state: Thermodynamic derivations for ballistics modelling. Research Report DSTO-TN-0670, Weapons Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Australian Government, Edinburgh, Australia, 2005.
[1059]
Johnston W.C. Measures flame velocity of fuels at low pressures. Society of Automotive Engineers Journal, 55:62-65, December 1947.
[1060]
Jones C.R. and Davis W.C. Optical properties of explosive-driven shock waves in noble gases. Technical Report LA-9475-MS, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, September 1982.
[1061]
Jones E.M., Whitaker R.W., and Kodis J.W. Concentric nuclear explosions. Technical Report LA-9688-MS, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, February 1983.
[1062]
Jones W.P. Large eddy simulation of turbulent combustion processes. Computer Physics Communications, 147:533-537, 2002.
[1063]
Jordan T. Hydrogen as an energy carrier. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[1064]
Jordan T. Hysafe - The Network of Excellence for Hydrogen Safety. Paper presented at the Sixteenth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Lyon, France, 13-16 June 2006. International Association for Hydrogen Energy.
[1065]
Jordan T., Adams P., Azkarate I., Baraldi D., Barthelemy H., Bauwens L., Bengaouer A., Bennnan S., Carcassi M., Dahoe A., Eisenreich N., Engebo A., Funnemark E., Gallego E., Gavrikov A., Haland E., Hansen A.M., Haugom G.-P., Hawksworth S., Jedicke O., Kessler A., Kotchourko A., Kumar S., Langer G., Ledin S., Makarov D., Marangon A., Markert F., Middha P., Molkov V., Nilsen S., Papanikolaou E., Perrette L., Reinecke E.-A., Schmidtchen U., Serre-Combe P., Stöcklin M., Sully A., Teodorczyk A., Tigreat D., Venetsanos A., Verfondern K., Versloot N., Vetere A., Wilms M., and Zaretskiy N. Achievements of the EC Network of Excellence HySafe. Third International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Ajaccio, Corsica, France, 16-18 September 2009.
[1066]
Jordan T., Adams P., Azkarate I., Baraldi D., Barthelemy H., Bauwens L., Bengaouer A., Bennnan S., Carcassi M., Dahoe A., Eisenreich N., Engebo A., Funnemark E., Gallego E., Gavrikov A., Haland E., Hansen A.M., Haugom G.-P., Hawksworth S., Jedicke O., Kessler A., Kotchourko A., Kumar S., Langer G., Ledin S., Lelyakin A., Makarov D., Marangon A., Markert F., Middha P., Molkov V., Nilsen S., Papanikolaou E., Perrette L., Reinecke E.-A., Schmidtchen U., Serre-Combe P., Stöcklin M., Sully A., Teodorczyk A., Tigreat D., Venetsanos A., Verfondern K., Versloot N., Vetere A., Wilms M., and Zaretskiy N. Achievements of the EC Network of Excellence HySafe. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36:2656-2665, 2011.
[1067]
Josephson B.D. The discovery of tunnelling supercurrents. Nobel Lecture, December 1973.
[1068]
Josephson B.D. Pathological Disbelief. Lecture given at the Nobel Laureates' meeting Lindau, June 30th., 2004, 2004. Revised version of 20 August 2004.
[1069]
Jouguet E. On the propagation of chemical reactions in gases. Journal de Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees, 1:347-425, 1906.
[1070]
Joyce B.R. and Weil M. Models of teaching. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, third edition, 1986.
[1071]
Jung C.G. The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious, volume 9 of The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J., 1950.
[1072]
Jung C.G. Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle, (Second Edition: 1973), volume 8 of The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J., 1952.
[1073]
Jung C.G. Mysterium Coniunctionis: An Inquiry into the Separation and Synthesis of Psychic Opposites in Alchemy, (Second Edition: 1970), volume 14 of The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J., 1956.
[1074]
Jungbluth C., Langrognat B., Sauniere J., Siegler F., and Tellier C. Elements of a hydrogen safety guide. Volumes 1 and 2. Final Report, EUR-9689-FR, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1985. In French: El'ement pour un guide de s'ecurit'e hydrog`ene.
[1075]
Kaesche-Krischer B. Untersuchungen an vorgemischte, laminairen staub/luft-flammen. Staub, 19(5):200-203, 1959.
[1076]
Kailasanath K. and Oran E.S. Power-energy relations for the direct initiation of gaseous detonations. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:38-54, 1984.
[1077]
Kailasanath K., Oran E.S., Boris J.P., and Young T.R. Determination of cell size and the role of transverse waves in two-dimensional detonations. Combustion and Flame, 61:199-209, 1985.
[1078]
Kaiser W. et al. Ermittlung und Berechnung von Störfallaublaufszenarien nach Massgabe der 3. Störfallverwaltungsvorschrift, 2002. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Germany, http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/anlagen/Leitfaden.pdf.
[1079]
Kalil T. Planning for US science policy in 2009. Nature, 443:751-752, 2006.
[1080]
Kalyanam K.M. and Hay D.R. Safety guide for hydrogen. NRC Publication 27406, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1987.
[1081]
Kaneshige M. and Shepherd J.E. Detonation database. Technical Report Explosion Dynamics Laboratory Report FM-97-8, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratries, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, 1997.
[1082]
Karnesky J., Chatterjee P., Tamanini F., and Dorofeev S.B. An application of 3D gasdynamic modeling for the prediction of overpressures in vented enclosures. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 20:447-454, 2007.
[1083]
Kanury A.M. Introduction to combustion phenomena for fire, incineration, pollution and energy applications. Gordon and Breach, New York, second edition, 1977.
[1084]
Kanzleiter T., Fischer K., , and Häfner W. THAI multi-compartment containment experiments with atmosphere stratification. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 2-5 October 2005. NURETH-11, Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, Avignon, ceFran.
[1085]
Kapila A.K. Homogeneous branched-chain explosion: Initiation to completion. Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 12:221-235, 1978.
[1086]
Kaps P. and Rentrop P. Generalized Runge-Kutta methods of order four with stepsize control for stiff ordinary differential equations. Numerische Mathematik, 33:55-68, 1979.
[1087]
Karki K.C. and Patankar S.V. Pressure based calculation procedure for viscous flows at all speeds in arbitrary configurations. AIAA Journal, 27:1167-1174, 1989.
[1088]
Karlovitz B., Denniston D.W., and Wells F.E. Investigation of turbulent flames. Journal of Chemical Physics, 19(5):541-547, 1951.
[1089]
Karlovitz B. Open turbulent flames. In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 60-67, Baltimore, 1953. Williams and Wilkins.
[1090]
Karlovitz B. Flow phenomena and flame technology. Chemical Engineering Progress, 61:56-62, 1965.
[1091]
Karlsson B. and Quintiere J.G. Enclosure fire dynamics. Environmental and energy engineering series. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000.
[1092]
Karman Th. von and Penner S.S. Selected Combustion Problems, Fundamentals and Aeronautical Applications, pages 5-41. AGARD. Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1954.
[1093]
Karpov V.P. and Sokolik A.S. Relation between spontaneous ignition and laminar and turbulent burning velocities of paraffin hydrocarbons. Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR, 138(4):874-876, June 1961.
[1094]
Karpov V.P., Lipatnikov A.N., and Wolanski P. Finding the Markstein number using the measurements expanding spherical laminar flames. Combustion and Flame, 109:436-448, 1997.
[1095]
Karpov V.P., Lipatnikov A.N., and Zimont V.L. Flame Curvature as a Determinant of Preferential Diffusion Effects in Premixed Turbulent Combustion, volume 173 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, chapter 14, pages 235-250. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1997.
[1096]
Karthigeyan K.A., Burgmair M., Zimmer M., Doll T., and Eisele I. Low temperature hydrogen detection at high concentrations: comparison of platinum and iridium. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 80:163-168, 2001.
[1097]
Kassoy D.R. and Clarke J.F. The structure of steady deflagration with a finite origin. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 150:253-280, 1985.
[1098]
Kaufmann A., Nicoud F., and Poinsot T. Flow forcing techniques for numerical simulation of combustion instabilities. Combustion and Flame, 131:371-385, 2002.
[1099]
Kauffman C.W., Mestrich K.R., Regan R.P., and Seymour T.H. Dust explosions in the US grain industry - the effects of research, regulations, and education. In The Seventh International Colloquium on Dust Explosions, pages 1.1-1.14. Christian Michelsen Research AS, 1996.
[1100]
Kaufman F. Chemical kinetics and combustion: intricate paths and simple steps. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1-10, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[1101]
Kauffman C.W., Srinath S.R., Tezok F.I., Nicholls J.A., and Sichel M. Turbulent and accelerating dust flames. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1701-1708, Pittsburgh, 1984. The Combustion Institute.
[1102]
Kauffman C.W., Sichel M., and Wolanski P. Research on dust explosions at the University of Michigan. Powder Technology, 71:119-134, 1992.
[1103]
Kawakami T., Okajima S., and Iinuma K. Measurement of slow burning velocity by zero-gravity method. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1609-1613, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1104]
Kay D.C. Theory and problems of tensor calculus. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
[1105]
Kaviany M. Principles of Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002.
[1106]
Kaye N.G. and Hunt G.R. Time dependent flows in an emptying filling box. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 520:135-156, 2004.
[1107]
Kazemi A.A., Larson D.B., and Wuestling M.D. Fiber optic hydrogen detection system. In Michael A. Marcus and Brian Culshaw, editors, Proceedings of SPIE - Volume 3860 - Fiber Optic Sensor Technology and Applications, pages 507-515. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1999.
[1108]
Keating A., Piomelli U., Balaras E., and Kaltenbach H.J. A priori and a posteriori tests of inflow conditions for large-eddy simulation. Physics of Fluids, 16:4696-4712, 2004.
[1109]
Kee R.J., Rupley F.A., and Miller J.A. The CHEMKIN Thermodynamic Data Base. Technical Report SAND87-8215, Sandia National Laboratories, 1987.
[1110]
Kee R.J., Rupley F.A., and J.A. Miller. Chemkin II: a FORTRAN chemical kinetics package for the analysis of gas-phase chemical kinetics. Technical Report SAND89-8009, Sandia National Laboratories, 1989.
[1111]
Kee R.J., Zhu H., and Goodwin D.G. Solid-oxide fuel cells with hydrocarbon fuels. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2379-2404, Pittsburgh, 2005. The Combustion Institute.
[1112]
Kee R.J., Zhu H., Sukeshini A.M., and Jackson G.S. Solid oxide fuel cells: operating principles, current challenges, and the role of syngas. Combustion Science and Technology, 180:1207-1244, 2008.
[1113]
Kenjeres S. Numerical Modelling of Complex Buoyancy-Driven Flows. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, February 1999.
[1114]
Kerampran S., Desbordes D., and Veyssiere B. Study of the mechanisms of flame acceleration in a tube of constant cross section. Combustion Science and Technology, 158:54-71, 2000.
[1115]
Kers T. Effects of turbulence on the burning velocity in dust explosions, 1996. Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology (Internal Report).
[1116]
Kers T. Closed vessel methane-air explosions: validation of the three-zone-model. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, February 1997.
[1117]
Kershaw D.S. The incomplete Cholesky-conjugate gradient method for the iterative solution of systems of linear equations. Journal of Computational Physics, 26:43-65, 1978.
[1118]
Kerstein A.R. Pair-exchange model of turbulent premixed flame propagation. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1281-1289, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[1119]
Kerstein A.R. Simple derivation of Yakhot's turbulent premixed flamespeed formula. Combustion Science and Technology, 60:163-165, 1988.
[1120]
Kerstein A.R., Ashurst W., and Williams F.A. Field equation for interface propagation in an unsteady homogeneous flow field. Physical Review A, 37:2728-2731, 1988.
[1121]
Kessler A., Ehrhardt W., and Langer G. Hydrogen detection: visualisation of hydrogen using non invasive optical schlieren technique BOS. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1122]
Khan F.I. and Abbasi S.A. Analytical simulation and PROFAT II: A new methodology and a computer automated tool for fault tree analysis in chemical process industries. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 75:1-27, 2000.
[1123]
Khan F.I. and Amyotte P.R. How to make inherent safety practice a reality. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 81:2-16, 2003.
[1124]
Khokhlov A.M., Oran E.S., and Wheeler J.C. A theory of deflagration-to-detonation transition in unconfined flames. Combustion and Flame, 108:503-517, 1997.
[1125]
Khokhlov A.M. and Oran E.S. Numerical simulation of detonation initiation in a flame brush: the role of hot spots. Combustion and Flame, 119:400-416, 1999.
[1126]
Kido H., Huang S., and Nakashima K. A premixed turbulent flame structure model having reactant islands and fractal flame surfaces. JSME International Journal, Series II, 34(4):509-519, 1991.
[1127]
Kido H., Huang S., and Nakashima K. Refinement of the spectral model of turbulent burning velocity (in the case of stochiometric mixtures). JSME International Journal, Series II, 35(3):421-427, 1992.
[1128]
Kido H. and Huang S. A discussion of premixed turbulent burning velocity models based on burning velocity diagrams. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 96:409-418, 1994.
[1129]
Kim I.J., Han S.D., Han C.H., Gwak J., Hong D.U., Jakhar D., Singh K.C., and Wang J.S. Development of micro hydrogen gas sensor with SnO2-Ag2o-PtOx composite using MEMS process. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 127:441-446, 2007.
[1130]
Kim J., Gila B.P., Chung G.Y., Abernathy C.R., Pearton S.J., and Ren F. Hydrogen-sensitive GaN Schottky diodes. Solid-State Electronics, 47:1069-1073, 2003.
[1131]
Kim S.H., Kim M., Yoon Y., and Jung I.-S. The effect of flame radiation on the scaling of nitrogen oxide emission in turbulent hydrogen non-premixed flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1951-1956, Pittsburgh, 2002. The Combustion Institute.
[1132]
Kim T.J., Yetter R.A., and Dryer F.L. New results on moist CO oxidation: high pressure, high temperature experiments and comprehensive kinetic modeling. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 759-766, Pittsburgh, 1994. The Combustion Institute.
[1133]
Kim W.-W. and Menon S. Numerical modelling of turbulent premixed flames in the thin-reaction-zones regime. Combustion Science and Technology, 160:119-150, 2000.
[1134]
Kinzey B.R., Fassbender L.L., and Akers B.M. National training facility for hydrogen safety. Five year plan for HAMMER. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1135]
Kinzey B.R., Ruiz A., and Davis P.B. The hydrogen safety program of the U.S. Department of Energy. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1136]
Kioni P.N., Rogg B., Bray K.N.C., and Linan A. Flame spread in laminar mixing layers: The triple flame. Combustion and Flame, 95:276-290, 1993.
[1137]
Kirillov I.A., Strelkova M.I., Panasenko A.V., and Roekaerts D. Sensitivity to detonation and detonation cellular structure of H2-O2-air-H2O2 gas mixtures. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1138]
Kistiakowsky G.M. Explosives. Technical Report LAMS-202, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, February 1945.
[1139]
Klein R. Semi-implicit extension of a Godunov-type scheme based on low Mach number asymptotics. I. one-dimensional flow. Journal of Computational Physics, 121:213-237, 1995.
[1140]
Kleine H., Dewey J.M., Ohashi K., Mizukaki T., and Takayama K. Studies of the TNT equivalence of silver azide charges. Shock Waves, 13:123-138, 2003.
[1141]
Klemens P.G. Theory of the thermal conductivity of solids. In R.P. Tye, editor, Thermal Conductivity, volume 1, pages 2-68. Academic Press, London, 1969.
[1142]
Klemens R., Zydak P., Kaluzny M., Litwin D., and Wolanski P. Dynamics of dust dispersion from the layer behind the propagating shock wave. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 19:200-209, 2006.
[1143]
Klimenko A.Y. Multicomponent diffusion of various admixtures in turbulent flow. Fluid Dynamics, 25:327-334, 1990.
[1144]
Klimenko A.Y. and Bilger R.W. Conditional moment closure for turbulent combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 25:595-687, 1999.
[1145]
Klimenko A.Y. On the relation between the conditional moment closure and unsteady flamelets. Combustion Theory Modelling, 5:275-294, 2001.
[1146]
Klimov A.M. Premixed turbulent flames - interplay of hydrodynamic and chemical phenomena. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 88:133-146, 1983.
[1147]
Kloczko T., Corre C., and Beccantini A. Low-cost implicit schemes for all-speed flows on unstructured meshes. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 58:493-526, 2008.
[1148]
Kluger Y. Bomb explosions in acts of terrorism. The Israel Medical Association Journal, 5:235-240, 2003.
[1149]
Kneebone A. and Prew L.R. Shipboard jettison test of LNG onto the sea. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on LNG, Algiers, pages 1-25, 1974.
[1150]
Kneizys F.X. and Shettle E.P. et al. Atmospheric transmittance/radiance-computer code. Technical Report AFGLTR-88-Q177, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1988.
[1151]
Knikker R., Veynante D., and Meneveau C. A priori testing of a similarity model for large-eddy simulation of turbulent premixed combustion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2105-2111, Pittsburgh, 2002. The Combustion Institute.
[1152]
Knio O.M., Najm H.N., and Wyckoffy P.S. A semi-implicit numerical scheme for reacting flow. Journal of Computational Physics, 154:428-467, 1999.
[1153]
Knuth D.E. The Art of Computer Programming, Fundamental Algorithms, volume 1. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, third edition, 1997.
[1154]
Knuth D.E. The Art of Computer Programming, Seminumerical Algorithms, volume 2. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, third edition, 1997.
[1155]
Knuth D.E. The Art of Computer Programming, Sorting and Searching, volume 3. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, third edition, 1998.
[1156]
Knystautas R., Lee J.H.S., Moen I.O., and Wagner H.Gh. Direct initiation of spherical detonation by a hot turbulent gas jet. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1235-1245, Pittsburgh, 1979. The Combustion Institute.
[1157]
Knystautas R., Lee J.H., and Guirao C.M. The critical tube diameter for detonation failure in hydrocarbon-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 48:63-83, 1982.
[1158]
Knystautas R., Guirao C., Lee J.H., and Sulmistras A. Measurement of cell size in hydrocarbon-air mixtures and predictions of critical tube diameter, critical initiation energy, and detonability limits. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:23-37, 1984.
[1159]
Knystautas R. and Lee J.H. Detonation parameters for the hydrogen-chlorine system. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 114:32-44, 1988.
[1160]
Kobayashi H., Tamura T., Maruta K., Niioka T., and Williams F.A. Burning velocity of turbulent premixed flames in a high-pressure environment. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 389-396, Pittsburgh, 1996. The Combustion Institute.
[1161]
Kobayashi H., Nakashima T., Tamura T., Maruta K., and Niioka T. Turbulence measurements and observations of turbulent premixed flames at elevated pressures up to 3.0 MPa. Combustion and Flame, 108:104-117, 1997.
[1162]
Kobayashi H., Kawabata Y., and Maruta K. Experimental study on general correlation of turbulent burning velocity at high pressure. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 941-948, Pittsburgh, 1998. The Combustion Institute.
[1163]
Kogarko S.M. and Zeldovich Ya.B. Detonation of gaseous mixture. Academiia Nauk, SSSR Doklady, 63:553-556, 1948.
[1164]
Kogarko S.M. Investigation of the pressure at the end of a tube in connection with rapid nonstationary combustion. Soviet Physics - Technical Physics, 28:1875-1879, 1958. Verify this reference.
[1165]
Kogarko S.M. Detonation of methane-air mixtures and the detonation limits of hydrocarbon-air mixtures in a large-diameter pipe. Soviet Physics - Technical Physics, 3:1904-1916, 1958. Verify this reference.
[1166]
Kogarko S.M., Adushkin V.V., and Lyamin A.G. Investigation of spherical detonation of gas mixtures. Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 1:22-34, 1965. English translation in: Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, 1:15-22.
[1167]
Kolachev B.A. Reversible hydrogen embrittlement of metals. Journal Materials Science, 15:202-207, 1979.
[1168]
Kolarik P. and Eisenreich N. Untersuchung von Wasserstoff-Luft-Verbrennung bei erhöhten Drücken. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Annual Conference of ICT, Pfinztal, Germany, 1991. Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology.
[1169]
Kolla H., Rogerson J.W., and Swaminathan N. Validation of a turbulent flame speed model across combustion regimes. Combustion Science and Technology, 182:284-308, 2010.
[1170]
Kondo S., Urano Y., Tokuhashi K., Takahashi A., and Tanaka K. Prediction of flammability of gases by using F-number analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, A82:113-128, 2001.
[1171]
Konnov A.A. Remaining uncertainties in the kinetic mechanism of hydrogen combustion. Combustion and Flame, 152:507-528, 2008.
[1172]
Konopinski E.J., Marvin C., and Teller E. Ignition of the atmosphere with nuclear bombs. Technical Report LA-602, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, August 1946.
[1173]
Konstantinov A., Staroselsky I., Orszag S.A., and Yakhot V. Renormalization group-based transport modelling of premixed turbulent combustion: I. incompressible deflagration model. Journal of Scientific Computing, 13:229-252, 1998.
[1174]
Konstantinov A., Orszag S.A., Staroselsky I., and Yakhot V. Renormalization group-based transport modelling of premixed turbulent combustion. II. Finite density gradient and direct heat release. Journal of Scientific Computing, 13:369-404, 1998.
[1175]
Koopman R.P., Cederwall R.T., Ermak D.L., Goldwlre H.C. Jr., Hogan W.J., McClure J.W., McRae T.G., Morgan D.L., Rodean H.C., and Shinn J.H. Analysis of BURRO series 40 m3 LNG spill experiments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 6:43-83, 1982.
[1176]
Koran. The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'an. Translation of the Qur'an from Arabic into English by Muhammad Marmaduke William Pickthall., 1930.
[1177]
Korobeinikov V.P. Point explosion in a detonating gas. Soviet Physics - Doklady, 12:1003-1005, 1968.
[1178]
Korobeinikov V.P., Levin V.A., Markov V.V., and Chernyi G.G. Propagation of blast wave in a combustible gas. Acta Astronautica, 17:529-537, 1972.
[1179]
Korobeinikov V.P. Problems of point-blast theory. American Institute of Physics, New York, 1991.
[1180]
Kordylewski W. and Wach J. Influence of ducting on the explosion pressure. Combustion and Flame, 66:77-, 1986.
[1181]
Koroll G.W., Kumar R.K., and Bowles E.M. Burning velocities of hydrogen-air mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 94:330-340, 1993.
[1182]
Kortekaas M. Laminaire vlamsnelheid van maizena, 1995. Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology (Internal Report).
[1183]
Korzhavin A.A., Klimenko A.S., and Babkin V.S. Inert porous media as an effective tool for explosion-proofing of closed technological equipment. In D. Bradley, D. Drysdale, and V. Molkov, editors, Fire and Explosion Hazards, Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar, 8-12 September 2003, Londonderry, United Kingdom, pages 893-904, Newtownabbey, Northeren Ireland, United Kingdom, 2004. FireSERT, University of Ulster.
[1184]
Kosinski P., Hoffmann A.C., and Klemens R. Dust lifting behind shock waves: comparison of two modelling techniques. Chemical Engineering Science, 60:5219-5230, 2005.
[1185]
Kotchourko A. Methodology of CFD safety analysis for large-scale industrial structures. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1186]
Kozachenko L.S. and Kuznetsov I.L. Burning velocity in a turbulent stream of a homogeneous mixture. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 1(1):31-43, 1965.
[1187]
Krause U. A two-dimentional model for the numerical simulations of explosions in vented vessels. Archivum Combustionis, 13:285-292, 1993.
[1188]
Kratzel T., Pantow E., and Eichert H. Modelling of hydrogen combustion: turbulent flame acceleration and detonation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 21:407-414, 1996.
[1189]
Krazinski J.L., Buckius R.O., and Krier H. A model for flame propagation in low volatile coal dust-air mixtures. Journal of Heat Transfer, 100:105-111, February 1978.
[1190]
Krazinski J.L., Buckius R.O., and Krier H. Coal dust flames: A review and development of a model for flame propagation. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 5:31-71, 1979.
[1191]
Kreith F. and Bohn M.S. Principles of heat transfer. Brooks/Cole Publishers, Pacific Grove, CA, sixth edition, 2001.
[1192]
Kroener M., Fritz J., and Sattelmayer T. Flashback limits for combustion induced vortex breakdown in a swirl burner. In Proc. 47th ASME Int. Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Tech. Congress, pages 1725-1735, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 3-6 June 2002.
[1193]
Krogh F.T. On testing a subroutine for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 20:545-562, 1973.
[1194]
Kudriakov S., Beccantini A., Dabbene F. Paillere H., and Studer E. Evaluation of different h2-air combustion models for simulation of large scale confined deflagrations. Journal of the Energy Institute, 79:200-206, 2006.
[1195]
Kudriakov S., Dabbene F., Studer E., Beccantini A., Magnaud J.P., Paillere H., Bentaib A., Bleyer A., Malet J., Porcheron E., and Caroli C. The TONUS CFD code for hydrogen risk analysis: physical models, numerical schemes and validation matrix. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 238:551-565, 2008.
[1196]
Kudriakov S. and Hui W.H. On a new defect of shock-capturing methods. Journal of Computational Physics, 227:2105-2117, 2008.
[1197]
Kuhl A.L., Kamel M.M., and Oppenheim A.K. Pressure waves generated by steady flames. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1201-1215, Pittsburgh, 1972. The Combustion Institute.
[1198]
Kumar M.K., Reddy A.L.M., and Ramaprabhu S. Exfoliated single-walled carbon nanotube-based hydrogen sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 130:653-660, 2008.
[1199]
Kumar R.K., Tamm H., and Harrison W.C. Combustion of hydrogen-steam-air mixtures near lower flammability limits. Combustion Science and Technology, 33:167-178, 1983.
[1200]
Kumar R.K., Dewit W.A., and Greig D.R. Vented explosion of hydrogen-air mixtures in a large volume. Combustion science and Technology, 66:251-266, 1989.
[1201]
Kumar R.K. Ignition of hydrogen-oxygen-diluent mixtures adjacent to a hot, non-reactive surface. Combustion and Flame, 75:197-215, 1989.
[1202]
Kumar R.K. Detonation cell widths in hydrogen-oxygen-diluent mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 80:157-169, 1990.
[1203]
Kumar S. and Cox G. Radiation, convection and surface roughness effects in the numerical modelling of enclosure fires. In Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Fire Safety Science, June 1988 Tokyo, Japan, pages 851-860, Washington D.C., 1989. Hemisphere Publishers.
[1204]
Kumar S., Gupta A.K., and Cox G. Effect of thermal radiation on the fluid dynamics of compartment fires. In Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. on Fire Safety Science, July 1991, Edingburgh, pages 345-354, London, 1991. Elsevier Applied Science.
[1205]
Kundu K.P. and Cohen I.M. Fluid Mechanics. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, third edition, 2004.
[1206]
Kuo K.K. Principles of Combustion. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986.
[1207]
Kuo K.K. Principles of Combustion. John Wiley & Sons, New York, second edition, 2005.
[1208]
Kuznetsov M.S., Dorofeev S.B., Efimenko A.A., Alekseev V.I., and Breitung W. Experimental and numerical studies on transmission of gaseous detonation to a less sensitive mixture. Shock Waves, 7:297-304, 1997.
[1209]
Kuznetsov M.S., Alekseev V.I., and Dorofeev S.B. Comparison of critical conditions for DDT in regular and irregular cellular detonation systems. Shock Waves, 10:217-224, 2000.
[1210]
Kuznetsov M., Matsukov I., and Dorofeev S. Heat loss rates from hydrogen-air turbulent flames in tubes. Combustion Science and Technology, 174:75-93, 2002.
[1211]
Kuznetsov M., Alekseev V., Yankin Y., and Dorofeev S. Slow and fast deflagrations in hydrocarbon-air mixtures. Combustion Science and Technology, 174:157-172, 2002.
[1212]
Kuznetsov M., Cicarelli G., Dorofeev S., Alekseev V., Yankin Yu., and Kim T.H. DDT in methane-air mixtures. Shock Waves, 12:215-220, 2002.
[1213]
Kuznetsov M. et al. Effect of pressure and temperature on flame acceleration and DDT limits for methane-air mixtures. In Dias V. and Vandooren J., editors, Proc. European Combustion Meeting (ECM2005), pages R24-208 (1-5), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 3-6 April 2005. The Belgian Section of The Combustion Institute.
[1214]
Kwak D. and Chakravarthy S.R. A three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes flow solver using primitive variables. AIAA-paper 84-0253, 1984.
[1215]
Kwon O.C., Tseng L.-K., and Faeth G.M. Laminar burning velocities and transition to unstable flames in H2/O2/N2 and C3H8/O2/N2 mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 90:230-246, 1992.
[1216]
Kwon O.C. and Faeth G.M. Flame/stretch interactions of premixed hydrogen-fueled flames: measurements and predictions. Combustion and Flame, 124:590-610, 2001.
[1217]
Laberge S., Knystautas R., and Lee J.H.S. Propagation and extinction of detonation waves in tube bundles. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 153:381-396, 1993.
[1218]
Lacome J.M., Dagba Y., Jamois D., Perrette L., and Proust C. Large-scale hydrogen release in an isothermal confined area. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, San Sebastian, Spain, 11-13 September 2007.
[1219]
Lakehal D. and Thiele F. Sensitivity of turbulent shedding flows to non-linear stress-strain relations and Reynolds stress models. Computers & Fluids, 30:1-35, 2001.
[1220]
Lam C.K.G. and Bremhorst K. Modified form of the k-e model for predicting wall turbulence. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 103:456-460, 1981.
[1221]
Lam S.H. and Goussis D.A. Understanding complex chemical kinetics with computational singular perturbations. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 931-941, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1222]
Lam S.H. Using CSP to understand complex chemical kinetics. Combustion Science and Technology, 89:375-404, 1993.
[1223]
Lam S.H. and Goussis D.A. The CSP method for simplifying kinetics. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 26:461-486, 1994.
[1224]
Lambert J.D. Numerical methods for ordinary differential systems: the initial value problem. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1991.
[1225]
Lamoureux N., Djebaili-Chaumeix N., and Paillard C.E. Laminar flame velocity determination for h2-air-steam mixtures using the spherical bomb method. Journal de Physique de France IV, 12:445-452, 2002.
[1226]
Lamoureux N., Djebaïli-Chaumeix N., and Paillard C.-E. Laminar flame velocity determination for H2-air-He-CO2 mixtures using the spherical bomb method. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 27:385-393, 2003.
[1227]
Lampton M. Damping-undamping strategies for the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least-squares method. Computers in Physics, 11:110-115, 1997.
[1228]
Landon P., Ferguson J., Solsona B.E., Garcia T., Carley A.F., Herzing A.A., Kiely C.J., Golunski S.E., and Hutchings G.J. Selective oxidation of CO in the presence of H2, H2O and CO2 via gold for use in fuel cells. Chemical Communications, 27:3385-3387, 2005.
[1229]
Laney C.B. Computational Gasdynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
[1230]
Langberg H., Christensen S.O., and Skudal S. Test program with small concrete Kasun houses. Rapport 24/2004, Forsvarsbygg, FoU, Kristiansand, Norway, 2004.
[1231]
Lanz A., Heffel J., and Messer C. Hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. College of the Desert, USA Energy Technology Training Center, 43-500 Monterey Avenue, Palm Desert, CA 92260, United States of America, 2001.
[1232]
Lapidus L., Aiken R.C., and Liu Y.A. The occurrence and numerical solution of physical and chemical systems having widely varying time constants. In R.A. Willoughby, editor, Stiff differential systems, pages 187-200, New York, 1974. Plenum Press.
[1233]
Larminie J. and Dicks A. Fuel Cell Systems Explained. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, second edition, 2003.
[1234]
Lask G. and Wagner H.G. Influence of additives on the velocity of laminar flames. In Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 432-438, Baltimore, 1962. Williams and Wilkins.
[1235]
Lathrop K.D. Ray effects in discrete ordinates equations. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 32:357-369, 1968.
[1236]
Lathrop K.D. Remedies for ray effects. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 45:255-268, 1971.
[1237]
Launder B.E. and Spalding D.B. The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Enginerring, 3:269-289, 1974.
[1238]
Law C.K., Zhu D.L., and Yu G. Propagation and extinction of stretched premixed flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1419-1426, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[1239]
Law C.K. Dynamics of stretched flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1381-1402, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1240]
Law C.K. A compilation of experimental data on laminar burning velocities. In N. Peters and B. Rogg, editors, Reduced kinetic mechanisms for applications in combustion systems, volume 19 of Lecture Notes in Physics, chapter 2, pages 15-26. Springer Verlag, 1993.
[1241]
Law C.K. and Kwon O.C. Effects of hydrocarbon substitution on atmospheric hydrogen-air flame propagation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 29:867-879, 2004.
[1242]
Law C.K. Propagation, structure, and limit phenomena of laminar flames at elevated pressures. Combustion Science and Technology, 178:335-360, 2006.
[1243]
Law C.K. Combustion Physics. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006.
[1244]
Lawson C.L. and Hanson R.J. Solving Least Squares Problems. SIAM Classics in Applied Mathematics 15. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1995.
[1245]
Lawson J.D. and Ehle B.L. Improved generalized Runge-Kutta. In Proceedings of Canadian Computer Conference, pages 223201-223213, 1972.
[1246]
Leachman J.W., Jacobsen R.T., Penoncello S.G., and Lemmon E.W. Fundamental equations of state for parahydrogen, normal hydrogen, and orthohydrogen. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 38:721-748, 2009.
[1247]
Leason D.B. Turbulence and flame propagation in premixed gases. Fuel, 30:233-239, 1951.
[1248]
Le Chatelier H. and Boudouard O. Sur les limites d'inflammabilité des mélanges gazeux. Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de Paris, 19:483-489, 1898.
[1249]
Lee D and Hochgreb S. Hydrogen autoignition at pressures above the second explosion limit (0.6-4.0 MPa). International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 30:385-406, 1998.
[1250]
Lee H.I. and Scott Stewart D. Calculation of linear detonation instability: one-dimensional instability of plane detonation. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 216:103-132, 1990.
[1251]
Lee J.G., Lee T.-W., Nye D.A., and Santavicca D.A. Lewis number effects on premixed flames interacting with Turbulent karman vortex streets. Combustion and Flame, 100:161-168, 1995.
[1252]
Lee J.H.S, Lee B.H.K., and Knystautas R. Direct initiation of cylindrical gaseous detonations. Physics of Fluids, 9:221-222, 1966.
[1253]
Lee J.H.S., Soloukhin R.I., and Oppenheim A.K. Current views on gaseous detonation. Acta Astronautica, 14:565-584, 1969.
[1254]
Lee J.H., Jirka G.H., and Harleman D.R.F. Stability and mixing of a vertical round buoyant jet in shallow water. MIT Tech. Rep. no. 195, Ralph M Parson Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, 1974.
[1255]
Lee J.H.S. and Ramamurthi R. On the concept of the critical size of a detonation kernel. Combustion and Flame, 27:331-340, 1976.
[1256]
Lee J.H.S. Initiation of gaseous detonation. Annual Reviews of Physical Chemistry, 28:75-104, 1977.
[1257]
Lee J.H.S. and Matsui H. A comparison of the critical energies for direct initiation of spherical detonation in acetylene-oxygen mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 28:61-66, 1977.
[1258]
Lee J.H.S., Knystautas R., and Yoshikawa N. Photochemical initiation of gaseous detonations. Acta Astronautica, 5:971-982, 1978.
[1259]
Lee J.H.S. and Moen I. O. The mechanism of transition from deflagration to detonation in vapor cloud explosions. Progress in Energy Combustion Science, 6:359-389, 1980.
[1260]
Lee J.H.S. and Guirao C.M. Pressure development in closed and vented vessels. Plant/Operations Progress, 1(2):75-85, April 1982.
[1261]
Lee J.H.S., Knystautas R., and Guirao C. The link between cell size, critical tube diameter, initiation energy and detonability limits. In J.H.S. Lee and C.M. Guirao, editors, Proceedings of the International Specialists Meeting on Fuel-Air Explosions, McGill University, Montreal, 4-6 November 1981, pages 157-187, Waterloo, Canada, 1982. University of Waterloo Press.
[1262]
Lee J.H.S. Dynamic parameters of gaseous detonations. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 16:311-336, 1984.
[1263]
Lee J.H.S. On the transition from deflagration to detonation. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 106:3-18, 1985.
[1264]
Lee J.H. On the transition from deflagration to detonation. In ICDERS, Tenth Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, pages 1-17, Berkeley, California, 4-9 August 1985 1986. American Institute of Aeronautics and astronautics.
[1265]
Lee J.H.S., Zhang F., and Knystautas R. Propagation mechanisms of combustion waves in dust-air mixtures. Powder Technology, 71:153-162, 1992.
[1266]
Lee J.H.S. On the critical diameter problem. In J.R. Bowen (volume editor) and Sirigano W.A. (series editor), editors, Dynamics of Exothermicity, volume 2 of Combustion Science and Technology Book Series, chapter 14, pages 321-336. Gordon and Breach, Newark NJ, United States of America, second edition, 1996.
[1267]
Lee J.H.S. and Berman M. Hydrogen combustion and its application to nuclear reactor safety. In G.A. Greene, J.P. Hartnett, T.F. Irvine Jr., and Y.I. Cho, editors, Heat Transfer in Nuclear Reactor Safety, volume 29 of Advances in Heat Transfer, chapter 2, pages 59-123. Academic Press, New York, 1997.
[1268]
Lee J.H.S. and Higgins A.J. Comments on criteria for direct initiation of detonations. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 357:3503-3521, 1999.
[1269]
Lee J.H.S. Explosion properties of hydrogen-air mixtures. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[1270]
Lee J.H.S. Explosion Primer - Definitions of Basic Combustion Parameters. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[1271]
Lee J.H.S. The Detonation Phenomenon. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
[1272]
Lee J.H.S. Fundamentals of explosion. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[1273]
Lee J.H.-W., Jirka G.H., and Harleman D.R.F. Stability and mixing of a vertical round buoyant jet in shallow water. Technical Report Report No. MIT-EL 74-014, Energy Laboratory, Massachusets Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America, November 1974.
[1274]
Lee M.J., Piomelli U., and Reynolds W.C. Useful formulas in the rapid distortion theory of homogeneous turbulence. Physics of Fluids, 29:3471-3474, 1986.
[1275]
Lee U.-J. and Park G.-C. Experimental study on hydrogen behavior at a subcompartment in the containment building. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 217:41-47, 2002.
[1276]
Lees F.P. Loss Prevention in the Process Industry, volume 1. Butterworth, London, second edition, 1996.
[1277]
Lees F.P. Loss Prevention in the Process Industry, volume 2. Butterworth, London, second edition, 1996.
[1278]
Lees F.P. Loss Prevention in the Process Industry, volume 3. Butterworth, London, second edition, 1996.
[1279]
Leidenfrost J.G. On the fixation of water in diverse fire. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 9:1153-1166, 1966. De aquae communis nonullis qualitatibus tractatus-On the fixation of water in divers fire. A tract about some qualities of common water (translated from Latin into English by C. Wares).
[1280]
Leikind B.J. and McCarthy W.J. An investigation of firewalking. Skeptical Inquirer, 10:23-34, 1985.
[1281]
Leikind B.J. and McCarthy W.J. Firewalking. Experientia, 44:310-315, 1988.
[1282]
Lele S.K. Compressibility effects on turbulence. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 26:211-254, 1994.
[1283]
Leonard S., Terracol M., and Sagaut P. Commutation error in LES with time-dependent filter width. Computers and Fluids, 36:513-519, 2007.
[1284]
Lesieur M. Turbulence in fluids: stochastic and numerical modelling. Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1987.
[1285]
Leslie I.R.M. and Birk A.M. State of the art review of pressure liquefied gas container failure modes and associated projectile hazards. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 28:329-365, 1991.
[1286]
Leuckel W., Nastoll W., and Zarzalis N. Experimental investigation of the influence of turbulence on the transient premixed flame propagation inside closed vessels. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 729-734, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[1287]
Leung W.B., March N.H., and Motz H. Primitive phase diagram for hydrogen. Physics Letters A, 56:425-426, 1976.
[1288]
Lefebvre M.H., Oran E.S., and Kailasanath K. Computations of detonation structure: the influence of model parameters. NRL Memorandum Report NRL/MR/4404-92-6961, Naval Research Laboratory, 1992.
[1289]
Lefebvre M.H., Oran E.S., Kailasanath K., and Van Tiggelen P.J. The influence of the heat capacity and diluent on detonation structure. Combustion and Flame, 95:206-218, 1993.
[1290]
Lefebvre M.H., Oran E.S., Kailasanath K., and Van Tiggelen P.J. Simulation of cellular structure in a detonation wave. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 153:64-77, 1993.
[1291]
Lefebvre M.H., Nzeyimana E., and Van Tiggelen P.J. Influence of fluorocarbons on H2-O2-Ar detonation: experiments and modeling. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 153:144-161, 1993.
[1292]
Lemmon E.W., Peskin A.P., McLinden M.O., and Friend D.G. NIST thermodynamic and transport properties of pure fluids. NIST Standard Reference Database 12 (Version 5.0). Software package by NIST, US Department of Commerce, 2000.
[1293]
Lemmon E.W. and Jacobsen R.T. Viscosity and thermal conductivity equations for nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and air. International Journal of Thermophysics, 25:21-69, 2004.
[1294]
Levy Y. and Bulzan D.L. On the combustion of a laminar spray. NASA Technical Memorandum 106210, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 1991.
[1295]
Lewis B. and Elbe G. von. On the theory of flame propagation. Journal of Chemical Physics, 2:537-547, 1934.
[1296]
Lewis B. and von Elbe G. Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases. Academic Press, third edition, 1987.
[1297]
Lewis E.E. and Miller Jr. W.F. Computational methods of neutron transport. Wiley, New York, 1984.
[1298]
Lewis F.A. The Palladium Hydrogen System. Academic Press, New York, 1967.
[1299]
Leyer J.C., Desbordes D., Saint-Cloud J.P., and Lannoy A. Unconfined deflagrative explosion without turbulence: experiments and model. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 34:123-150, 1993.
[1300]
Li N., Balaras E., and Piomelli U. Inflow conditions for large-eddy simulations of mixing layers. Physics of Fluids, 12:935-938, 2000.
[1301]
Li Q.M. and Meng H. Pressure-impulse diagram for blast loads based on dimensional analysis and Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 128:87-92, 2002.
[1302]
Li Q.M. and Meng H. Pulse loading shape effects on pressure-impulse diagram of an elastic-plastic, single-degree-of-freedom structural model. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 44:1985-1998, 2002.
[1303]
Li X.Y., Leijdens H., and Ooms G. An experimental verification of a theoretical model for the dispersion of a stack plume heavier than air. Atmospheric Environment, 20:1087-1094, 1986.
[1304]
Liao S.Y., Jianga D.M., Gao J., Huang Z.H., and Cheng Q. Measurements of Markstein numbers and laminar burning velocities for liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures. Fuel, 83:1281-1288, 2004.
[1305]
Libby P.A. and Williams F.A., editors. Turbulent Reacting Flows, volume 44 of Topics in Applied Physics. Springer-Verlag, 1980.
[1306]
Libby P.A. and Bray K.N.C. Countergradient diffusion in premixed flames. AIAA Journal, 19:205-213, 1981.
[1307]
Libby P.A. and Williams F.A., editors. Turbulent Reacting Flows. Academic Press, 1994.
[1308]
Libouton J.C., Dormal M., and Van Tiggelen A. The role of chemical kinetics on structure of detonation waves. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 79-86, Pittsburgh, 1975. The Combustion Institute.
[1309]
Litchfield E.L., Hay M.H., and Forshey D.R. Direct electrical initiation of freely expanding gaseous detonation waves. In Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 282-286, London, 1962. Academic Press.
[1310]
Lide D.R., editor. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press, 72nd edition, 1992.
[1311]
Lighthill M.J. Drift. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1:31-53, 1956.
[1312]
Lighthill M.J. Waves in fluids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
[1313]
Lilly D.K. A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid-scale closure model. Physics of Fluids A, 4:633-635, 1991.
[1314]
Lim T.T., New T.H., and Luo S.C. On the development of large-scale structures of a jet normal to a cross flow. Physics of Fluids, 13:770-775, 2001.
[1315]
Linan A. and Williams F.A. Fundamental Aspects of Combustion. Number 34 in Oxford Engineering Science Series. Oxford University Press, 1993.
[1316]
Lind C.D. What causes unconfined vapour cloud explosions? Loss Prevention, 9:101-105, 1975.
[1317]
Linden D. De versterkte 20 liter stofexplosiebol. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 1993.
[1318]
Lindstedt R.P. and Skevis G. Chemistry of acetylene flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 125:73-137, 1997.
[1319]
Lindstedt R.P. and Sakthitharan V. Time resolved velocity and turbulence measurements in turbulent gaseous explosions. Combustion and Flame, 114:469-483, 1998.
[1320]
Lindow R. Eine verbesserde brennermethode zur bestimmung der laminaren flammengeschwindigkeiten von brenngas/luft-gemischen. Brennstoff Wärme Kraft, 20:8-14, 1968.
[1321]
Lipatnikov A.N. and Chomiak J. Turbulent flame speed and thickness: phenomenology, evaluation, and application in multi-dimensional simulations. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 28:1-74, 2002.
[1322]
List E.J. Turbulent jets and plumes. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 14:189-212, 1982.
[1323]
Liu D.D.S. and MacFarlane R. Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-air-steam flames. Combustion and Flame, 49:59-71, 1983.
[1324]
Liu F. Numerical solutions of three-dimensional non-grey gas radiative transfer using the statistical arrow-band model. Journal of Heat Transfer, 121:200-203, 1999.
[1325]
Liu F., Guo H., Smallwood G.J., and Gulder O.L. Numerical study of the superadiabatic flame temperature phenomenon in hydrocarbon premixed flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1543-1550, Pittsburgh, 2002. The Combustion Institute.
[1326]
Liu L.H., Xu X., Chen Y.L., and Wang H.F. Fluctuating characteristics of radiative source term in hydrogen turbulent jet diffusion flame. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 87:193-201, 2004.
[1327]
Liu X.D., Osher S., and Chan T. Weighted essentially non-oscillatory schemes. Journal of Computational Physics, 115:200-212, 1994.
[1328]
Liu Y. and Lenze B. The influence of turbulence on the burning velocity of premixed CH4-H2 flames with different laminar burning velocities. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 747-754, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1329]
Liu Y and Rogg B. Prediction of radiative heat transfer in laminar flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 118:127-145, 1996.
[1330]
Livengood J.C. and Wu P.C. Correlation of autoignition phenomena in internal combustion engines and rapid compression machines. In Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 347-356, New York, 1955. Reinhold Publishing Corporation.
[1331]
Lockwood F.C. and Shah N.G. Heat transfer, volume 2. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington D.C., 1978.
[1332]
Lockwood F.C. and Shah N.G. A new radiation solution method for incorporation in general combustion prediction procedures. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1405-1414, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[1333]
Logan J.A. Tropospheric chemistry: a global perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86:7210-7254, 1981.
[1334]
Lovejoy S. The area-perimeter relation for rain and cloud areas. Science, 216:185-187, 1982.
[1335]
Lu T., Ju Y., and Law C.K. Complex CSP for simplifying kinetics. Combustion and Flame, 126:445-455, 2001.
[1336]
Luo F., Liu J., Ma N., and Morse T.F. A fiber optic microbend sensor for distributed sensing application in the structural strain monitoring. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, A75:41-44, 1999.
[1337]
Ludwig C.B., Malkmus W., Reardon J.E., and Thomson J.A.L. Handbook of infrared radiation from combustion gases. Technical Report NASA-SP-30980, NASA, 1973.
[1338]
Lumley J.L. Some comments on turbulence. Physics of Fluids A, 4:203-211, 1992.
[1339]
Luss D. and Amundson N.R. Stability of batch catalytic fluidized beds. AIChE Journal, Part A: Process Modeling, Simulation and Optimization, 14(1):211-221, 1968.
[1340]
Ma A.S.C., Spalding D.B., and Sun R.L.T. Application of ESCIMO to the turbulent hydrogen-air diffusion flame. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 393-402, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[1341]
Ma N. A novel optic microbend pressure sensor. In Michael A. Marcus and Brian Culshaw, editors, Proceedings of SPIE - Volume 3860 - Fiber Optic Sensor Technology and Applications, pages 516-523. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1999.
[1342]
Maas U. and Warnatz J. Ignition processes in hydrogen-oxygen mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 74:53-69, 1988.
[1343]
Maas U. and Pope S.B. Simplifying chemical kinetics: intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds in composition space. Combustion and Flame, 88:239-264, 1992.
[1344]
Maas U. and Pope S.B. Implementation of simplified chemical kinetics based on intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 103-112, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[1345]
Maas U. and Pope S.B. Laminar flame calculations using simplified chemical kinetics based on intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1349-1356, Pittsburgh, 1994. The Combustion Institute.
[1346]
Maas U. Efficient calculation of intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds for the simplification of chemical kinetics. Computing and Visualization in Science, 1:69-81, 1998.
[1347]
Macek A. Effect of additives on formation of spherical detonation waves in hydrogen-oxygen-mixtures. AIAA Journal, 1:1915-1918, 1963.
[1348]
MacIntyre I., Tchouvelev A.V., Hay D.R., Wong J., Grant J., and Benard P. Canadian hydrogen safety program. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1349]
MacIntyre I., Tchouvelev A.V., Hay D.R., Wong J., Grant J., and Benard P. Canadian hydrogen safety program. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2134-2143, 2007.
[1350]
Mackay D.J., Murray S.B., Moen I.O., and Thibault P.A. Flame-jet ignition of large fuel-air clouds. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1339-1353, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1351]
Magnusson S. E., Drysdale D. D., Fitzgerald R. W., Motevalli V., Mowrer F., Quintiere J., Williamson R.B., and Zalosh R. G. A proposal for a model curriculum in fire safety engineering. Fire Safety Journal, 25:1,3-39,41-73,75-83,85,87-88, 1995.
[1352]
Mair G.W. Hydrogen onboard storage- an insertion of the probabilistic approach into standards & regulations? Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1353]
Majda A. and Sethian J. The derivation and numerical solution of the equations for zero Mach number combustion. Combustion Science and Technology, 42:185-205, 1985.
[1354]
Majeski A.J., Wilson D.J., and Kostiuk L.W. Predicting the length of low-momentum jet diffusion flames in cross flow. Combustion Science and Technology, 176:2001-2025, 2004.
[1355]
Makadmini L. and Horn M. Self-calibrating electrochemical gas sensor. In International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators, volume 1, pages 299-302, Chicago, 16-19 June 1997.
[1356]
Makarov D.V. and Molkov V.V. Validation of large eddy simulations of stoichiometric h2-air mixture deflagration against experiment in 2.3m diameter vessel. Fire and Explosion Safety, 11:10-17, 2004.
[1357]
Makarov D.V. and Molkov V.V. Large eddy simulation of gaseous explosion dynamics in an unvented vessel. Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, 40:136-144, 2004.
[1358]
Makarov D.V. An intercomparison exercise on the capabilities of CFD. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1359]
Makarov D., Molkov V., and Gostintsev Yu. Comparison between RNG and fractal combustion models for LES of unconfined explosions. Combustion Science and Technology, 179:401-416, 2007.
[1360]
Makarov D., Verbecke F., and Molkov V. Numerical analysis of hydrogen deflagration mitigation by venting through a duct. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 20:433-438, 2007.
[1361]
Makeev V.I., Gostintsev Yu.A., Strogonov V.V., Bokhon Yu.A., Chernushkin Yu.N., and Kulikov V.N. Combustion and detonation of hydrogen-air mixtures in free spaces. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 19:548-550, 1983.
[1362]
Makris A., Oh T.J., Lee J.H.S., and Knystautas R. Critical diameter for the transmission of a detonation wave into a porous medium. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 65-71, Pittsburgh, 1994. The Combustion Institute.
[1363]
Malik J.S. The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions. Technical Report LA-8819, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, September 1985.
[1364]
Mallard E. and Le Chatelier H.L. Combustion des melanges gaseux explosifs. Ann. Mines, 4:379-568, 1883.
[1365]
Mandelbrot B.B. On the geometry of homogenous turbulence with stress on the fractal dimension of the iso-surfaces of scalars. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 72:401-416, 1975.
[1366]
Mandelbrot B.B. Fractals. W.H. Freeman and company, San Francisco, 1977. Translation of Les objets fractals.
[1367]
Manninen M., Silde A., Lindholm I., Huhtanen R., and Sjovall H. Simulation of hydrogen deflagration and detonation in a BWR reactor building. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 211:27-50, 2002.
[1368]
Manson N. On the structure of so-called helical detonation waves in gaseous mixtures. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences Serie A, 222:46-51, 1946.
[1369]
Manson N. On the theory of burning velocities in gas mixtures. Journal of Chemical Physics, 17:837-838, 1949.
[1370]
Mantel T. and Borghi R. A new model for premixed wrinkled flame propagation based on a scalar dissipation equation. Combustion and Flame, 96:443-457, 1994.
[1371]
Manton J. and Milliken B.B. Study of pressure dependence of burning velocity by the spherical vessel method. In Proceedings of the Gas Dynamics Symposium on Aerothermochemistry, pages 151-157, Illinois, 1956. Northwestern University.
[1372]
Manzhalei V.I. and Mitrofanov V.V. The stability of detonation shock waves with a spinning configuration. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 9:614-620, 1973.
[1373]
Manzhalei V.I., Mitrofanov V.V., and Subbotin V.A. Measurement of inhomogeneities of a detonation front in gas mixtures at elevated pressures. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 10:89-95, 1974.
[1374]
Marangon A., Carcassi M.N., Engebo A., and Nilsen S. Safety distances: Definition and values. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1375]
Marangon A., Carcassi M., Engebo A., and Nilsen S. Safety distances: Definition and values. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2192-2197, 2007.
[1376]
Marble F.E. and Broadwell J.E. The coherent flame model for turbulent chemical reactions. Technical Report TRW-9-PU, Project Squid, 1977.
[1377]
Maremonti M., Russo G., Salzano E., and Tufano V. Numerical simulation of gas explosions in linked vessels. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 12:189-194, 1999.
[1378]
Marinescu-Pasoi L. and Sturm B. Messung der Ausbreitung einer Wasserstoff- und Propangaswolke in bebautem Gelände and Gasspezifische Ausbreitungsversuche. Technical Report R-68.202 and R-68.264, Battelle Ingenieurtechnik GmbH, 1994.
[1379]
Marinov N.M., Westbrook C.K., and Pitz W.J. Detailed and global chemical kinetics model for hydrogen. In S.H. Chan, editor, Transport Phenomena in Combustion, volume 1, pages 118-129, Washington, DC, 1996. Taylor & Francis.
[1380]
Markert F., Nielsen S.K., Paulsen J.L., and Andersen V. Safety aspects of land-use planning scenarios for a future infra structure with hydrogen re-fuelling stations. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1381]
Markert F., Nielsen S.K., Paulsen J.L., and Andersen V. Safety aspects of future infrastructure scenarios with hydrogen refuelling stations. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2227-2234, 2007.
[1382]
Markides C.N. and Mastorakos E. An experimental study of hydrogen autoignition in a turbulent co-flow of heated air. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 883-891, Pittsburgh, 2005. The Combustion Institute.
[1383]
Markstein G.H. Instability phenomena in combustion waves. In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 44-59, Baltimore, 1953. Williams and Wilkins.
[1384]
Markstein G.H. and Somers L.M. Cellular flame structure and vibratory flame movement in n-butane-methane mixtures. In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 527-535, Baltimore, 1953. Williams and Wilkins.
[1385]
Markstein G.H. Nonsteady flame propagation. Pergamon Press, 1964.
[1386]
Marquardt D.W. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 11:431-441, 1963.
[1387]
Marsden J.E. and McCracken M. The Hopf Bifurcation and Its Applications, volume 19 of Applied Mathematical Sciences. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1976.
[1388]
Marshall N., Air Liquide, Division Scientifique. Encyclopédie des gaz. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976.
[1389]
Martens R. and Massmeyer K. Untersuchungen zur Verifizierung von komplexen Modellen zur Beschreibung des Schadstofftransports in der Atmosphaere. Technical Report GRS-A-1844, Gesellschaft fuer Reaktorsicherheit, Garching, Germany, 1991.
[1390]
Martin L.P., Pham A.Q., and Glass R.S. Electrochemical hydrogen sensor for safety monitoring. Solid State Ionics, 175:527-530, 2004.
[1391]
Martin T.Z., Orton G.S., Travis L.D., Tamppari L.K., and Claypool I. Observation of Shoemaker-Levy impacts by the Galileo Photopolarimeter Radiometer. Science, 268:1875-1879, 1995.
[1392]
Mase G.E. Theory and roblems of Continuum Mechanics. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
[1393]
Mason W.E. and Wilson M.J.G. Laminar flames of lycopodium dust in air. Combustion and Flame, 11:195-200, 1967.
[1394]
Massey B. and Ward-Smith J. Mechanics of Fluids. Stanley Thornes Publishers, Cheltenham, United Kingdom, seventh edition, 1998.
[1395]
Masters J.I. Some applications in physics of the P function. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 23:1865-1873, 1955.
[1396]
Matalon M. On flame stretch. Combustion Science and Technology, 31:169-181, 1983.
[1397]
Matalon M. Flame dynamics. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 57-82, Pittsburgh, 2009. The Combustion Institute.
[1398]
Mathur S.R. and Murthy J.Y. A pressure-based method for unstructured meshes. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, 31:195-215, 1997.
[1399]
Mathur S.R. and Murthy J.Y. Unstructured mesh methods for combustion problems. In Baukal C.E., Gershtein V.Y., and Li X., editors, Computational Fluid Dynamics in Industrial Combustion, Industrial Combustion Series, chapter 3, pages 61-94. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2000.
[1400]
Matsui H. and Lee J.H.S. On the measure of the relative detonation hazards of gaseous fuel-oxygen and air mixtures. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1269-1280, Pittsburgh, 1979. The Combustion Institute.
[1401]
Matsumiya M., Shin W., Izu N., and Murayama N. Nano-structured thin-film Pt catalyst for thermoelectric hydrogen gas sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, B56:158-163, 2003.
[1402]
Matthijsen A.J.C.M. and Kooi E.S. Safety distances for hydrogen filling stations. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 19:719-723, 2006.
[1403]
Maugeri L. Oil: never cry wolf - why the petroleum age is far from over. Science, 304:1114-1115, 2004.
[1404]
Maurer B. et al. Modellversuche zur Flash-Entspannung, atmosphärischer Vermischung und Deflagration von Flüssiggasen nach deren Freisetzung bei behälterzerknall. Int. Sem. ELCALAP, Berlin, Germany, 1975.
[1405]
Maurer B et al. Modelling of vapour cloud dispersion and deflagration after bursting of tanks filled with liquified gas. 2nd Int. Symp. on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, 1977.
[1406]
Mavrodineanu R. and Boiteaux H. Flame spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1965.
[1407]
Mazaheri K. Mechanism of the onset of detonation in blast initiation. PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1997.
[1408]
Mazurkiewicz J. Investigations of burning properties of cornstarch dust-air flame. Archivum Combustionis, 13(3-4):189-201, 1993.
[1409]
McBride B.J., Gordon S., and Reno M.A. Coefficients for calculating thermodynamic and transport properties of individual species. Technical Memorandum NASA-TM-4513, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, October 1993.
[1410]
McCaffrey B.J. Purely buoyant diffusion flames: Some experimental results. Technical Report NBSIR 79-1910, National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, 1979.
[1411]
McCarty R.D. and Weber L.A. Thermophysical properties of parahydrogen from the freezing liquid line to 5000 R for pressures to 10000 psia. Technical Report NASA-CR-127701, NBS-TN-617, NASA, April 1972.
[1412]
McCarty R.D., Hord J., and Roder H.M. Selected Properties of Hydrogen (Engineering Design Data). Monograph NBS Monograph 168, National Bureau of Standards, 1981.
[1413]
McEvily A.J. Metal Failures: Mechanisms, Analysis, Prevention. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002.
[1414]
McFarlane K., Prothero A., Puttock J.S., Roberts P.T., and Witlox H.W.M. Development and validation of atmospheric dispersion models for ideal gases and hydrogen-fluoride. Part I: Technical reference manual. Technical Report, Computer Program Documentation EGG-10617-1151, Thornton Research Centre, Shell Research Ltd., Chester, United Kingdom, November 1990. Prepared for USDOE, Washington DC, United States of America, under contract AC08-88NV10617.
[1415]
McGratten K.B., Baum H.R., and Hamins A. Thermal radiation from large pool fires. Technical Report NISIR 6546, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000.
[1416]
McIntosh A.C. Deflagration fronts and compressibility. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 357:3523-3538, 1999.
[1417]
McLaughlin E. Theory of the thermal conductivity of fluids. In R.P. Tye, editor, Thermal Conductivity, volume 2, pages 253-257. Academic Press, London, 1969.
[1418]
McLennan K.G. and Gray E. MacA. An equation of state for deuterium gas to 1000 bar. Measurement Science and Technology, 15:211-215, 2004.
[1419]
McMurtrhy P.A., Menon S., and Kerstein A.R. A linear eddy sub-grid model for turbulent reacting flows: application to hydrogen-air combustion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 271-278, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[1420]
MEDD. Guide de sécurité pour la conception de salles de contrêle résistant à l'explosion dans les raffineries de pétrole et sur les sites pétrochimiques. Ministère de l'Ecologie et du Développement Durable, Paris, France, 1994.
[1421]
MEDD. Durable relatif aux valeurs de référence de seuils d'effets des phénomènes accidentels des installations classées. Arrêté du 22 Octobre 2004 du Ministère de l'Ecologie et du Développement Durable, Paris, France, 2004.
[1422]
Medvedev S.P., Polenov A.N., and Gelfand B.E. Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR, 319:918-921, 1991.
[1423]
Medvedev S.P., Polenov A.N., and Gelfand B.E. Initiation of upstream-directed detonation induced by the venting of gaseous explosion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 73-78, Pittsburgh, 1994. The Combustion Institute.
[1424]
Menkes J. A note on the lnfluence of the Lewis number on flame stability. Combustion and Flame, 2:449-450, 1958.
[1425]
Mercer D.B., Amyotte P.R., Dupuis D.J., Pegg M.J., Dahoe A.E., de Heij W.B.C., Zevenbergen J.F., and Scarlett B. The measurement of pre-ignition turbulence during dust explosion testing. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Colloquium on Dust Explosions, pages 37-57, Schaumberg, United States of America, 1998.
[1426]
Mercer D.B., Amyotte P.R., Dupuis D.J., Pegg M.J., Dahoe A.E., de Heij W.B.C., Zevenbergen J.F., and Scarlett B. The influence of injector design on the decay of pre-ignition turbulence in a spherical explosion chamber. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 14:269-282, 2001.
[1427]
Mercx W.P.M., Weerheijm J., and Verhagen T.L.A. Some considerations on the damage criteria and safety distances for industrial explosions. HAZARDS XI - New directions in process safety, UMIST, Manchester, UK, April 16-18, 1991.
[1428]
Mercx W.P.M. Modelling and experimental research into gas explosions, Overall final report of the project MERGE. CEC Contract STEP-CT-0111 (SSMA), European Commission, Directorate General XII, Brussels, Belgium, 1994.
[1429]
Mercx W.P.M. Extended modelling and experimental research into gas explosions. Final report of the EMERGE project CEC contract EV5VCT930274, 1997.
[1430]
Mercx W.P.M., van den Berg A.C., Hayhurst C.J., Robertson N.J., and Moran K.C. Developments in vapour cloud explosion blast modeling. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 71:301-319, 2000.
[1431]
Merkle C.L. and Choi Y.-H. Computation of low-speed compressible flows with time-marching procedures. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 25:293-311, 1988.
[1432]
Metghalchi M. and Keck J.C. Laminar burning velocity of propane-air mixtures at high temperature and pressure. Combustion and Flame, 38:143-154, 1980.
[1433]
Metghalchi M. and Keck J.C. Burning velocities of mixtures of air with methanol isooctane, and indolene at high pressure and temperature. Combustion and Flame, 48:191-210, 1982.
[1434]
Metz C.R. Theory and problems of Physical Chemistry. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976.
[1435]
Michael J.V., Sutherland J.W., Harding L.B., and Wagner A.F. Initiation in H2/O2: rate constants for H2 + O2 ® H + HO2. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1471-1478, Pittsburgh, 2000. The Combustion Institute.
[1436]
Michels A., Graaff W. de, Wassenaar T., Levelt J.M.H., and Louwerse P. Compressibility isotherms of hydrogen and deuterium at temperatures between -175 °c and +150 °c. Physica, 25:25-42, 1959.
[1437]
Michelson D.M. Sivashinsky G.I. Nonlinear analysis of hydrodynamic instability in laminar flames - II. Numerical experiments. Acta Astronautica, 4:1207-1221, 1977.
[1438]
Middha P., Skjold T., and Dahoe A.E. Turbulent and laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-air mixtures from constant volume explosions in a 20-litre vessel. In Thirty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, Heidelberg, Germany, 6-11 August 2006. Extended Abstract and Poster.
[1439]
Miller J.A. and Bowman C.T. Mechanism and modelling of nitrogen chemistry in combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 15:287-338, 1989.
[1440]
Miller J.A., Pilling M.J., and Troe J. Unraveling combustion mechanisms through a quantitative understanding of elementary reactions. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 43-88, Pittsburgh, 2005. The Combustion Institute.
[1441]
Miller J.A., Mitchell R.E., Smooke M.D., and Kee R.J. Toward a comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanism for the oxidation of acetylene: comparison of model predictions with results from flame and shock tube experiments. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 181-196, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[1442]
Miller J.B. Catalytic sensors for monitoring explosive atmospheres. IEEE Sensors Journal, 1:88-93, 2001.
[1443]
Milne-Thomson L.M. Theoretical Aerodynamics. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, fourth edition, 1966.
[1444]
Milne-Thomson L.M. Theoretical Hydrodynamics. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, fourth edition, 1960.
[1445]
Milne-Thomson L.M. Theoretical Hydrodynamics. MacMillan Press, New York, fifth edition, 1968.
[1446]
Milnor J. John Nash and A Beautiful Mind. Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 45:1329-1332, 1998.
[1447]
Milton B.E. and Keck J.C. Laminar burning velocities in stoichiometric hydrogen and hydrogen-hydrocarbon gas mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 58:13-22, 1984.
[1448]
Minkoff G.J. and Tipper C.F.H. Chemistry of Combustion Reactions. Butterworth, London, 1962.
[1449]
Minkoff G.J. and Tipper C.F.H. Chemistry of Combustion Reactions, chapter 1, pages 3-57. Butterworth, London, 1962.
[1450]
Missen R.W., Mims C.A., and Saville B.A. Introduction to Chemical Reaction Engineering and Kinetics. Wiley, New York, 1999.
[1451]
Mitrofanov V.V. and Soloukhin R.I. The diffraction of multi-front detonation. Soviet Physics - Doklady, 9:1055-1965, 1964.
[1452]
Mitrofanov V.V. Certain critical phenomena in detonation associated with momentum losses. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 19:531-535, 1983.
[1453]
Mitrowski A. and Teodorczyk A. Detonation initiation in H2-air and CH4-air mixtures by incident shock wave - One-dimensional numerical simulation. Archivum Combustionis, 25:85-104, 2005.
[1454]
Mitsuishi H., Oshino K., and Watanabe S. Dynamic crush test on hydrogen pressurized cylinder. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1455]
Modest M.F. The weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model for arbitrary solution methods in radiative transfer. Journal of Heat Transfer, 113:650-656, 1991.
[1456]
Modest M.M. Radiative Heat Transfer. Academic Press, London, second edition, 2003.
[1457]
Moen I.O., Donato M., Knystautas M.R., and Lee J.H.S. The influence of confinement on the propagation of detonations near the detonability limits. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1615-1622, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[1458]
Moen I.O., Lee J.H.S., Hjertager B.H., Fuhre K., and Eckhoff R.K. Pressure development due to turbulent flame propagation in large-scale methane-air explosions. Combustion and Flame, 47:31-52, 1982.
[1459]
Moen I.O., Murray S.B., Bjerketvedt D., Rinnan A., Knystautas R., and Lee J.H.S. Diffraction of detonation from tubes into a large fuel-air explosive cloud. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 635-644, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[1460]
Moen I.O., Funk J.W., Ward S.A., Rude G.M., and Thibault P.A. Detonation length scales for fuel-air explosives. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:55-79, 1984.
[1461]
Moen I.O., Ward S.A., Thibault P.A., Lee J.H.S., Knystautas R., Dean T., and Westbrook C.K. The influence of diluents and inhibitors on detonations. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1717-1726, Pittsburgh, 1984. The Combustion Institute.
[1462]
Moen I.O., Bjerketvedt D., Jenssen A., and Thibault P.A. Transition to detonation in a large fuel-air cloud. Combustion and Flame, 61:285-291, 1985.
[1463]
Moen I.O., Sulmistras A., Thomas G., Bjerketvedt D., and Thibault P.A. Influence of cellular regularity on the behaviour of gaseous detonations. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 106:220-243, 1986.
[1464]
Moen I.O. Transition to detonation in fuel air explosive clouds. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 33:159-192, 1993.
[1465]
Mohamed K. and Paraschivoiu M. Real gas simulation of hydrogen release from a high-pressure chamber. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30:903-912, 2005.
[1466]
Moin P. and Kim J. Numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 118:341-377, 1982.
[1467]
Moin P. Advances in large eddy simulation methodology for complex flows. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 23:710-720, 2002.
[1468]
Mogi T., Nishida H., and Horiguchi S. Flame characteristics of high-pressure hydrogen gas jet. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1469]
Mogi T., Kim D., Shiina H., and Horiguchi S. Self-ignition and explosion during discharge of high-pressure hydrogen. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:199-204, 2008.
[1470]
Mogi T., Wada Y., Ogata Y., and Hayashi A.K. Self-ignition and flame propagation of high-pressure hydrogen jet during sudden discharge from a pipe. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34:5810-5816, 2009.
[1471]
Moliere M., Cozzarin P., Bouchet S., and Rech P. Catalytic detection of fuel leaks in gas turbines unit: gaseous and volatile hydrocarbon based fuel. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo 2005 Conference, 6-9 June 2005, Reno, 2005.
[1472]
Molkov V.V. and Nekrasov V.P. Dynamics of gas combustion in a constant volume in the presence of exhaust. Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 17:4, 1981. English translation in: Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, 17:363-369.
[1473]
Molkov V.V., Nekrasov V.P., Baratov A.N., and Lesnyak S.A. Turbulent gas combustion in a vented vessel. Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 20:2, 1984. English translation in: Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, 20:149-153.
[1474]
Molkov V.V., Baratov A.N., and Korolchenko A.Ya. Dynamics of gas explosions in vented vessels: A critical review and progress. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 154:117-131, 1993.
[1475]
Molkov V.V., Nikitenko V.M., Filippov A.V., and Korolchenko A.Ya. Dynamics of gas explosion in a vented vessel with inertial vent covers. In Proceedings of Joint Meeting of the Russian and Japanese Sections of The Combustion Institute, pages 183-185, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia, 2-5 October 1993.
[1476]
Molkov V.V. Dynamics of the process in systems with a duct and receiver. In 4th International Symposium of Fire Safety Science, pages 1245-1254, Ottawa, Canada, 1994.
[1477]
Molkov V.V. Theoretical generalization of international experimental data on vented explosion dynamics. In Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Fire-and-Explosion Hazard of Substances and Venting of Deflagrations, pages 166-181, Moscow, Russia, 17-21 July 1995.
[1478]
Molkov V.V. Venting of Gaseous Deflagrations. DSc thesis, VNIIPO, Moscow, Russia, 1997.
[1479]
Molkov V.V. Scaling of turbulent vented deflagrations. In Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Fire-and-Explosion Hazard of Substances and Venting of Deflagrations, pages 445-456, Moscow, Russia, 10-15 August 1997. Interscience Communications.
[1480]
Molkov V.V., Dobashi R., Suzuki M., and Hirano T. Modeling of vented hydrogen-air deflagrations and correlations for vent sizing. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 12:147-156, 1999.
[1481]
Molkov V.V. Explosion safety engineering: Nfpa 68 and improved vent sizing technology. In Interflam 99, Proceedings of the 8th International Fire Science Conference, 29 June - 1 July, Edinburgh Conference Centre, Scotland, volume 2, pages 1129-1134, London, United Kingdom, 1999. Interscience Communications.
[1482]
Molkov V.V. Explosions in buildings: Modelling and interpretation of real accidents. Fire Safety Journal, 33:45-56, 1999.
[1483]
Molkov V.V. Dobashi R., Suzuki M., and Hirano T. Venting of deflagrations: Hydrocarbon-air and hydrogen-air systems. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 13:397-409, 2000.
[1484]
Molkov V.V. Explosion safety engineering: Design of venting areas for enclosures at atmospheric and elevated pressures. FABIG Newsletter, 27:12-16, 2000.
[1485]
Molkov V.V. Unified correlations for vent sizing of enclosures against gaseous deflagrations at atmospheric and elevated pressures. In Third International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions, pages 60-65, Tsukuba, Japan, October 2000.
[1486]
Molkov V.V. Unified correlations for vent sizing of enclosures against gaseous deflagrations at atmospheric and elevated pressures. loss prevention in the process industries. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 14:567-574, 2001.
[1487]
Molkov V.V. Accidental gaseous deflagrations: modelling, scaling and mitigation. Journal de Physique de France IV, 12(7):19-30, 2002.
[1488]
Molkov V.V. Guidelines for venting of deflagrations in enclosures with inertial vent covers. In D. Bradley, D. Drysdale, and V. Molkov, editors, Fire and Explosion Hazards, Proceedings of the 4th International Seminar, 8-12 September 2003, Londonderry, United Kingdom, page 41, Newtownabbey, Northeren Ireland, United Kingdom, 2003. FireSERT, University of Ulster.
[1489]
Molkov V.V., Eber R., Grigorash A., Tamanini F., and Dobashi R. Vented gaseous deflagrations: Modelling of translating inertial vent covers. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 16:395-402, 2003.
[1490]
Molkov V.V., Grigorash A., and Eber R. Guidelines for venting of deflagrations in enclosures with inertial vent covers. Internal report, FireSERT, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, August 2003.
[1491]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D.V., and Puttock J. The nature of coherent deflagrations. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions, 10-14 October 2004, Krakow, Poland, pages 35-44, 2004.
[1492]
Molkov V.V., Eber R., Grigorash A., Tamanini F., and Dobashi R. Vented gaseous deflagrations with inertial vent covers: State-of-the-art and progress. Process Safety Progress, 23:29-36, 2004.
[1493]
Molkov V.V., Grigorash A.V., Eber R.M., and Makarov D.V. Vented gaseous deflagrations: Modelling of hinged inertial vent covers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 116:1-10, 2004.
[1494]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D.V., and Puttock J. Dynamics of external explosions in vented deflagrations. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Praha, Czech Republic, volume C+E, pages 3275-3280, 31 May - 3 June 2004.
[1495]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D.V., and Puttock J. The nature of coherent deflagrations. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Hazards Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions, Krakow, Poland, volume C+E, pages 35-44, 10-14 October 2004.
[1496]
Molkov V.V. and Makarov D.V. Rethinking physics of large-scale vented explosion and its mitigation. In Proceedings of the IChemE Symposium Hazards XVIII: Process Safety - Sharing Best Practice, UMIST, Manchester, UK, volume C+E, pages xx-yy, 22-25 November 2004.
[1497]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D., and Grigorash A. Cellular structure of explosion flames: modeling and large-eddy simulation. Combustion Science and Technology, 176:851-865, 2004.
[1498]
Molkov V. and Makarov D. Large eddy simulation of hydrogen-air explosion at elevated temperature. Khimicheskaya Fizika, 23:23-36, 2004.
[1499]
Molkov V.V, Grigorash A.V., and Eber R.M. Vented gaseous defagrations: modelling of spring-loaded inertial vent covers. Fire Safety Journal, 40:307-319, 2005.
[1500]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D.V., and Prost E. On numerical simulation of liquefied and gaseous hydrogen releases at large scales. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1501]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D.V., and Schneider H. Hydrogen-air deflagrations in open atmosphere: large eddy simulation analysis of experimental data. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1502]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D.V., and Schneider E. Physical and numerical analysis of large-scale hydrogen-air deflagrations in open atmosphere. In G.D. Roy, S.M. Frolov, and A.M. Starik, editors, Nonequilibrium Processes: Combustion and Detonation, pages 295-303, Moscow, 2005. Torus Press.
[1503]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D.V., and Puttock J. The nature and large eddy simulation of coherent deflagrations in a vented enclosure-atmosphere system. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 19:121-129, 2006.
[1504]
Molkov V., Makarov D., and Schneider H. LES modelling of an unconfined large-scale hydrogen-air deflagration. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 39:4366-4376, 2006.
[1505]
Molkov V.V. and Makarov D.V. Rethinking the physics of a large-scale vented explosion and its mitigation. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 84:33-39, 2006.
[1506]
Molkov V.V., Makarov D.V., and Schneider H. Hydrogen-air deflagrations in open atmosphere: large eddy simulation analysis of experimental data. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2198-2205, 2007.
[1507]
Molkov V., Verbecke F., and Makarov D. LES of hydrogen-air deflagrations in a 78.5 m tunnel. Combustion Science and Technology, 180:1-13, 2008.
[1508]
Molkov V. Preface to special issue on hydrogen safety. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:129-130, 2008.
[1509]
Molkov V.V. Fundamentals of hydrogen safety. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[1510]
W.J. Moore. Basic physical chemistry. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, fourth edition, 2000.
[1511]
Moran M.J. and Shapiro H.N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, fourth edition, 2000.
[1512]
Moran M.J. and Shapiro H.N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, fifth edition, 2004.
[1513]
Morison C.M. Dynamic response of walls and slabs by single-degree-of-freedom analysis - a critical review and revision. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 32:1214-1247, 2006.
[1514]
Morton B.R. Forced plumes. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 5:151-163, 1959.
[1515]
Morton V.M. and Nettleton M.A. Pressures and their venting in spherically expanding flames. Combustion and Flame, 30:111-116, 1977.
[1516]
Mott N.F. Fragmentation of H.E. shells, a theoretical formula for the distribution of weight of fragments. A.O.R.G. Memorandum, Army Operational Research Group, Richmond, United Kingdom, 1943.
[1517]
Mudan K.S. Thermal radiation hazards from hydrocarbon pool fires. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 10:59-80, 1984.
[1518]
Mueller M.A., Yetter R.A., and Dryer F.L. Flow reactor studies and kinetic modelling of the H2/O2 reaction. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 31:113-125, 1999.
[1519]
Mukai S., Suzuki J., Mitsuishi H., Oyakawa K., and Watanabe S. CFD simulation on diffusion of leaked hydrogen caused by vehicle accident in tunnels. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1520]
Muller M.E. A comparison of methods for generating normal deviates on digital computers. Journal of the ACM, 6(3):376-383, 1959.
[1521]
Muradov N.Z. and Veziroglu T.N. From hydrocarbon to hydrogen-carbon to hydrogen economy. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30:225-237, 2005.
[1522]
Murayama M. and Takeno T. Fractal-like character of flamelets in turbulent premixed combustion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 551-559, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1523]
Murray J.A., Piomelli U., and Wallace J.M. Spatial and temporal filtering of experimental data for a priori studies of subgrid-scale stresses. Physics of Fluids, 8:1978-1980, 1996.
[1524]
Murray S.B., Moen I.O., Gottlieb J.J., Lee J.H.S., and Remboutsikas D. Direct initiation of detonation in unconfined ethylene-air mixtures-influence of bag size. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Military Applications of Blast. Simulation, 13-17 July, 1981,Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada, pages 6.3(b)1-6.3(b)28, 1981.
[1525]
Murray S.B. and Lee J.H.S. On the transformation of planar detonations to cylindrical detonation. Combustion and Flame, 52:269-289, 1983.
[1526]
Murray S.B. and Lee J.H.S. The influence of yielding confinement on large-scale ethylene-air detonations. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:80-103, 1984.
[1527]
Naamansen P., Baraldi D., Hjertager B.H., Solberg T., and Cant S. Solution adaptive CFD simulation of premixed flame propagation over various solid obstructions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 15:189-197, 2002.
[1528]
Naber G.L. Topology, Geometry, and Gauge Fields: Interactions, volume 141 of Applied Mathematical Sciences. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000.
[1529]
Nagy J., Conn E.C., and Verakis H.C. Explosion development in a spherical vessel. Report of investigations 7279, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, 1969.
[1530]
Nagy J. and Verakis H.C. Development and Control of Dust Explosions. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1983.
[1531]
Nagano Y. and Itazu Y. Renormalization group theory for turbulence: assessment of the Yakhot-Orzag-Smith theory. Fluid Dynamics Research, 20:157-172, 1997.
[1532]
Nakamura T., Hatashi K., Seki T., Asada T., and Hashiguti M. The development of hydrogen leakage and diffusion simulator. www.hysafe.org, xxx.
[1533]
Nann T., Ibrahim S.K., Woi P.-M., Xu S., Ziegler J., and Christopher J. Water splitting by visible light: a nanophotocathode for hydrogen production. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49:1574-1577, 2010.
[1534]
NASA. Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems. Guidelines for hydrogen system design, materials selection, operations, storage, and transportation. Technical Report NSS 1740.16, Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, Washington, 1997.
[1535]
Nash W. Theory and problems of Strength of Materials. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, fourth edition, 1998.
[1536]
Nau M., Neef W., Maas U., Segatz J., Riedel U., and Warnatz J. Computational and experimental investigation of a turbulent non-premixed methane flame. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 83-89, Pittsburgh, 1996. The Combustion Institute.
[1537]
Neapolitan R. Foundations of algorithms using C++ pseudocode. McGraw-Hill, New York, third edition, 2004.
[1538]
Nekrasov V.P., Meshman L.M., and Molkov V.V. The influence of exhaust ducts on reduced explosion pressure. Loss Prevention in Industry, 5:38-39, 1983.
[1539]
Nellis W.J. Metastable solid metallic hydrogen. Philosophical Magazine B, 79:665-661, 1999.
[1540]
Nettl E.Q.B.A. The determination of the burning velocity of sodium stearate- and cornstarch-air mixtures from closed vessel explosions. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, April 2000.
[1541]
Nettleton M.A. and Stirling R. Detonations in suspensions of coal dust in oxygen. Combustion and Flame, 21:307-314, 1973.
[1542]
Nettleton M.A. Gaseous Detonations: their nature, effects and control. Chapman and Hall, 1987.
[1543]
Nettleton M.A. Recent work on gaseous detonations. Shock Waves, 12:3-12, 2002.
[1544]
Neumann J. von. Theory of detonation waves. In A.H. Taub, editor, John von Neumann, Collected Works, volume 6 of Theory of games, astrophysics, hydrodynamics and meteorology. Pergamon, Oxford, 1942.
[1545]
Neumann J. von. Underwater explosion of a nuclear bomb. Technical Report LA-545, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, April 1946.
[1546]
Newsholme G. The management of risk. A lecture contributed to Module Principles of Hydrogen Safety of the Postgraduate Certificate in Hydrogen Safety Engineering. The Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, United Kingdom, 2007.
[1547]
Newsholme G. Hydrogen Safety and Regulation. A lecture contributed to Module Applied Hydrogen Safety of the Postgraduate Certificate in Hydrogen Safety Engineering. The Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, United Kingdom, 2007.
[1548]
Newsholme G. and Donnelly P. Using ATEX and industry best practice to manage the risk from hydrogen in conventional and nuclear workplaces. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[1549]
Nicholls J.A., Sichel M., Gabrijel Z., Oza R.D., and Vandermolen R. Detonability of unconfined natural gas-air clouds. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1223-1234, Pittsburgh, 1979. The Combustion Institute.
[1550]
NFPA. Report of important dust explosions. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, United States of America, 1957.
[1551]
NFPA 50A. Standard for gaseous hydrogen systems at consumer sites, 1999 Edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, United States of America, 1999.
[1552]
NFPA 55. Standard for the storage, use, and handling of compressed and liquefied gases in portable cylinders, 1998 Edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, United States of America, 1998.
[1553]
NFPA 55. Standard for the storage, use, and handling of compressed and liquefied gases in portable cylinders, 2005 Edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, United States of America, 2005.
[1554]
NFPA 68. Venting of deflagrations, 1988 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, United States of America, 1988.
[1555]
NFPA 68. Venting of deflagrations, 2002 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, United States of America, 2002.
[1556]
NFPA 68. Venting of deflagrations, 2007 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, United States of America, 2007.
[1557]
NFPA 853. Standard for the installation of stationary fuel cell power plants, 2003 Edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, United States of America, 2003.
[1558]
Ng H.D., Ju Y., and Lee J.H.S. Assessment of detonation hazards in high-pressure hydrogen storage from chemical sensitivity analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:93-99, 2007.
[1559]
Ng H.D. and Lee J.H.S. Comments on explosion problems for hydrogen safety. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:136-146, 2008.
[1560]
Ngo T., Mendis P., Gupta A., and Ramsay J. Blast loading and blast effects on structures - An overview. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 7:76-91, 2007. Special Issue: Loading on Structures.
[1561]
Ni M., Leung M.K.H., Sumathy K., and Leung D.Y.C. Potential of renewable hydrogen production for energy supply in hong kong. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31:1401-1412, 2006.
[1562]
Niemann H.B. The Galileo probe mass spectrometer: composition of Jupiter's atmosphere. Science, 272:846-849, 1996.
[1563]
Nieuwstadt F.T.M. Notities en oefenvraagstukken bij het college voortgezette stromingsleer. Lecture notes, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, September 1992. Lecture notes on advanced fluid dynamics.
[1564]
Nieuwstadt F.T.M. Turbulentie, inleiding in de theorie en toepassingen van turbulente stromingen. Epsilon Uitgaven, Utrecht, 1992.
[1565]
Nikolaev Yu.A., Vasilev A.A., and Ulyanitskii B.Yu. Gas detonation and its application in engineering and technologies (review). Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, 39:382-410, 2003.
[1566]
Nilsen S., Hoiset S., Saeter O., Lunde E., and Andersen H. CFD simulations of accidental releases of hydrogen - decision basis for classification of hazardous zones in h2 production enclosures. In Eleventh International Symposium Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the process Industries Loss Prevention, Prague, Czech Republic. EFCE Working Party on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, 31 May - 3 June 2004.
[1567]
Captain Noble and Abel F.A. Researches on explosives: fired gunpowder. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 165:49-155, 1875.
[1568]
Nolan M.E. A simple model for the detonation limits of gas mixtures. Combustion Science and Technology, 7:57-63, 1973.
[1569]
Noll K.S. HST spectroscopic observations of Jupiter after the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Science, 267:1307-1313, 1995.
[1570]
Nomura S. and Tanaka T. Prediction of maximum rate of pressure rise due to dust explosion in closed spherical and nonspherical vessels. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 19(3):451-459, 1980.
[1571]
Nomura S. and Tanaka T. Theoretical analysis of dust explosions. Powder Technology, 71(2):189-196, August 1992.
[1572]
Norman F., Van den Schoor F., and Verplaetsen F. Auto-ignition and upper explosion limit of rich propane-air mixtures at elevated pressures. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137:666-671, 2006.
[1573]
Norris A.T. and Pope S.B. Modeling of extinction in turbulent-diffusion flames by the velocity-dissipation-composition PDF method. Combustion and Flame, 100:211-220, 1995.
[1574]
Norsk Hydro. Hydro Electrolysers, 2002.
[1575]
Nosseir N.S. Impinging jets. In N.P. Cheremisinoff, editor, Dynamics of single-fluid flows and mixing, volume 2 of Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, chapter 13, pages 349-365. Gulf Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 1986.
[1576]
NOU. Hydrogen as the energy carrier of the future, 2004. Summary in English NOU 2004:11 (Published in Norway, 2004).
[1577]
Novozhilov V. Some aspects of the mathematical modelling of fireballs. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E, 217:103-121, 2003.
[1578]
Nozu T., Tanaka R., Ogawa T., Hibi K., and Sakai Y. Numerical simulation of hydrogen explosion tests with a barrier wall for blast mitigation. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1579]
Nzeyimana E. and Van Tiggelen P.J. Influence of tetrafluoromethane on hydrogen-oxygen-argon detonations. Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, 133:77-88, 1991.
[1580]
O'Brien J.E., Herring J.S., Lessing P.A., and Stoots C.M. High-temperature electrolysis for hydrogen production from nuclear energy. 11th Int. Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics, 2-6 October, Avignon, France, 2005.
[1581]
O'Conaire M., Curran H.J., Simmie J.M., Pitz W.J., and Westbrook C.K. A comprehensive modeling study of hydrogen oxidation. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 36:603-622, 2005.
[1582]
Ogden J. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: outlook for 2010, 2030 and 2050. Reprint from workshop proceedings, The 10-50 Solution: Technologies and Policies for a Low-Carbon Future. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change and the National Commission on Energy Policy, March 2004 UCD-ITS-RP-04-24, Institute of Transportation Studies University of California, Davis, 2004.
[1583]
Ogino F., Takeuchi H., Kudo I., and Mizushina T. Heated jet discharged vertically into ambients of uniform and linear temperature profiles. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 23:1581-1588, 1980.
[1584]
Ogle R.A., Beddow J.K., and Vetter A.F. A thermal theory of laminar premixed dust flame propagation. Combustion and Flame, 58:77-79, 1984.
[1585]
Ohyagi S., Yoshihashi T., and Harigaya Y. Direct initiation of planar detonation waves in methane/oxygen/nitrogen mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:3-22, 1984.
[1586]
O'Hern T.J., Weckman E.J., Gerhart A.L., Tieszen S.R., and Schefer R.W. Experimental study of a turbulent buoyant helium plume. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 544:143-171, 2005.
[1587]
Ohi J.M., Moen C., Keller J., and Cox R. Risk assessment for hydrogen codes and standards. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1588]
Okai K. Ueda T., Imamura O., Tsue M., Kono M., Sato J., Dietrich D.L., and Williams F.A. Effects of DC electric fields on combustion of octane droplet pairs in microgravity. Combustion and Flame, 136:390-393, 2004.
[1589]
Ollivier-Gooch C. Quasi-ENO schemes for unstructured meshes based on unlimited data-dependent least squares reconstruction. Journal of Computational Physics, 133:6-17, 1997.
[1590]
Ollivier-Gooch C. and Van Altena M. A high-order-accurate unstructured mesh finite volume scheme for the advection-diffusion equation. Journal of Computational Physics, 181:729-752, 2002.
[1591]
Ono R., Nifuku M., Fujiwara S., Horiguchi S., and Oda T. Minimum ignition energy of hydrogen-air mixture: effects of humidity and spark duration. Journal of Electrostatics, 65:87-93, 2007.
[1592]
Ooms G. A new method for the calculation of the plume path of gases emitted by a stack. Atmospheric Environment, 6:899-909, 1972.
[1593]
Ooms G., Mahieu A.P., and Zelis F. The plume path of vent gases heavier than air. In C.H. Buschmann, editor, International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Delft, The Netherlands, 17-21 April, 1974, pages 211-219, Amsterdam, 1974. Elsevier.
[1594]
Ooms G. and Mahieu A.P. A comparison between a plume path model and a virtual point source model for a stack plume. Applied Scientific Research, 36:339-356, 1980.
[1595]
Oppenheim A.K., Lundstrom E.A., Kuhl A.L., and Kamel M.M. A systematic exposition of the conservation equations for blast waves. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 38:783-794, 1971.
[1596]
Oppenheim A.K., Kuhl A.L., and Kamel M.M. On self-similar blast waves headed by the Chapman-Jouguet detonation. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 55:257-270, 1972.
[1597]
Oppenheim A.K., Kuhl A.L., Lundstrom E.A., and Kamel M.M. A parametric study of self-similar blast waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 52:657-682, 1972.
[1598]
Oppenheim A.K. Dynamic features of combustion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 315:471-508, 1985.
[1599]
Oppenheim A.K. Dynamics of Combustion Systems. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2006.
[1600]
Oppenheim A.V., Willsky A.S., and Young I.T. Signals and Systems. Prentice-Hall Signal Processing Series. Prentice-Hall, 1983.
[1601]
Oran E.S., Boris J.P., Young T.R., Flanigan M., Burks T., and Picone M. Numerical simulations of detonations in hydrogen-air and methane-air mixtures. In Proceedings of the Eightteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1641-1649, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[1602]
Oran E.S., Young T.R., Boris J.P., Picone J.M., and Edwards D.H. A study of detonation structure: the formation of unreacted gas pockets. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 573-582, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[1603]
Oran E.S., Young T.R., and Boris J.P. Weak and strong ignition. I. Numerical simulations of shock tube experiments. Combustion and Flame, 48:135-148, 1982.
[1604]
Oran E.S., Weber Jr. J.W., Stefaniw E.I., Lefebvre M.H., and Anderson Jr. J.D. A numerical study of a two-dimensional H2-O2-Ar detonation using a detailed chemical reaction model. Combustion and Flame, 113:147-163, 1998.
[1605]
Oran E.S. and Boris J.P. Numerical simulation of reactive flow. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2001.
[1606]
Oran E.S. and Gamezo V.N. The deflagration-to-detonation transition in gas-phase combustion. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[1607]
Oran E.S., Gamezo V.N., and Ogawa T. Flame acceleration and DDT in channels with obstacles. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[1608]
Orecchini F. The era of energy vectors. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31:1951-1954, 2006.
[1609]
Oriani R.A. Hydrogen embrittlement of steels. Annual Review of Materials Science, 8:327-357, 1978.
[1610]
Ostermann A., Kaps P., and Bui T.D. The solution of a combustion problem with Rosenbrock methods. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 12:354-361, 1986.
[1611]
Paillard C. Correlation between chemical kinetics and detonation structure for gaseous explosive systems. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 133:63-76, 1991.
[1612]
Paillere H., Studer E., Beccantini A., Kudriakov S., Dabbene F., and Perret C. Modelling of H2 dispersion and combustion phenomena using CFD codes. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1613]
Pais A. 'Subtle is the Lord..., The Science and Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford University Press, 1982.
[1614]
Palcan. How do metal hydrides work? Available via: http://www.palcan.com/.
[1615]
Palm T., Buch C., and Sauar E. Green heat and power. Technical Report 3:1999, The Bellona Foundation, Oslo, Norway, 1999.
[1616]
Palmer H.B. and Cullis H.F. The Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, volume 1. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1965.
[1617]
Palmer K.N. Dust Explosions and Fires. Chapman and Hall, 1973.
[1618]
Palsson J., Hansen J.B., Christiansen N., Nielsen J.U., and Kristensen S. Solid oxide fuel cells - Assessment of the technology from an industrial perspective. Energy Technologies for Post Kyoto Targets in the Medium Term. Proceedings of the Riso International Energy Conference, Denmark, 19-21 May 2003, 2003.
[1619]
Panchapakesan N.R. and Lumley J.L. Turbulence measurement in axisymmetric jets of air and helium. Part 2: Helium Jet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 246:225-247, 1993.
[1620]
Pandey A.K., Ram Kumar, Paul D.K., and Trikha D.N. Non-linear response of reinforced concrete containment structure under blast loading. Nuclear Engineering Design, 236:993-1002, 2006.
[1621]
Pantal J.T. and Haskell N.A. Blast overpressure from very high altitude bursts. Technical Report WT-1615, Operation Hardtack, Project 1.10, Headquarters Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency, Sandia Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America, September 1960.
[1622]
Papanikolaou E.A. and Venetsanos A.G. CFD modeling for helium releases in a private garage without forced ventilation. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1623]
Paranjpe S. Remote detection of hydrogen leaks using laser induced Rayleigh/Mie scattering. Master's thesis, University of Florida, Florida, United states of America, 2004.
[1624]
Parsons Brinckerhoff Inc. Support facilities for hydrogen-fueled vehicles. conceptual design and cost analysis study. Technical Report, California Fuel Cell Partnership. Prepared for California Fuel Cell Partnership by Parsons and Brinckerhoff in association with TIAX and University of Miami, 2004.
[1625]
Pascaud J.M. and Brossard J. Predictive method of gas-dust explosion characteristics. Combustion Science and Technology, 113-114:613-628, 1996.
[1626]
Pasman H.J., Groothuisen Th.M., and de Gooijer H. Design of pressure relief vents. In C.H. Buschman, editor, Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Proceedings of the First International Loss Prevention Symposium, pages 185-189, Amsterdam, 28-30 May 1974. A symposium organized by the Royal Institution of Engineers in the Netherlands (KIvI) and the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society (KNCV) and sponsored by the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE, 137th event), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
[1627]
Pasman H.J., Schupp B., and Lemkowitz S.M. Complementing layer of protection analysis with economics. In AIDIC Conference Series, volume 6, pages 237-246. AIDIC & Reed Business Information, 2003.
[1628]
Pasman H.J. and Vrijling J.K. Social risk assessment of large technical systems. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 13:305-316, 2003.
[1629]
Pasman H.J., Körvers P.M.W., and Sonnemans P.J.M. Some recent developments in process safety tools - Part II Precursor analysis. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 5:7-12, 2004.
[1630]
Pasman H.J. The challenge of risk control in a hydrogen based economy. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[1631]
Pasquill F. The estimation of the dispersion of windborne material. The Meteorological Magazine, 99:33-49, 1961.
[1632]
Patankar S.V. and Spalding D.B. A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 15:1787-1806, 1972.
[1633]
Patankar S.V. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 1980.
[1634]
Patel S., Ibrahim S.S., Yehia M.A., and Hargrave G. K. Investigation of premixed turbulent combustion in a semi-confined explosion chamber. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 27:355-361, 2003.
[1635]
Patterson M.D., Simpson J.E., Dalziel S.B., and Nikiforakis N. Numerical modelling of two-dimensional and axisymmetric gravity currents. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 47:1221-1227, 2004.
[1636]
Pavlov M., Djurovic S., and Kobilarov R. Temperature measurement of the arc phase of a spark in air. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 19:1041-1046, 1986.
[1637]
Peacock R.D., Reneke P.A., Forneya C.L., and Kostreva M.M. Issues in evaluation of complex fire models. Fire Safety Journal, 30:103-136, 1998.
[1638]
Pearse R.W.B. and Gaydon A.G. The identification of molecular spectra. Chapman & Hall, London, 1963.
[1639]
Pease R.N. Kinetics of several oxidation reactions. In B. Lewis, R.N. Pease, and S.H. Taylor, editors, Combustion Processes, volume 2 of High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propulsion, Section E, page 160. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1956.
[1640]
PD IEC/TR 61508-0. Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 0: Functional safety and IEC 61508. International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC, Reference number CEI/IEC/TR 61508-0:2005, 2005. Guide for EN 61508-1 to EN 61508-7.
[1641]
Pedersen L.S. and van Wingerden K. Measurement of fundamental burning velocity of dust-air mixtures in industrial situations. In Dust Explosions, protecting people, equipment, buildings and environment, pages 140-167. British Materials Handling Board, October 1995.
[1642]
Pedley M.D., Bishop C.V., Benz F.J., Bennett C.A., McClenagan R.D., Fenton D.L., Knystautas R., Lee J.H.S., Peraldi O., Dupre G., and Shepherd J.E. Hydrazine vapor detonations. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 114:45-63, 1988.
[1643]
Perdikaris G.A. Dreidimensionale Ausbreitung von Abgasen aus Muellverbrennungsanlagen und Deponien - Einfluss von Bebauung, Gelaendestruktur, Witterung und Freisetzungshoehe. Technical University of Munich, 1993.
[1644]
Pedro G., Peneau F., Oshkai P., and Djilali N. Computational analysis of gas release from a high pressure vessel. Computational Fluid Dynamics Society of Canada Conference, Kingston, ON, 2006.
[1645]
Pegg M.J., Amyotte P.R., and Chippett S. Confined and vented deflagrations of propane / air mixtures at initially elevated pressures. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Toormina, Italy, pages 110/1-110/14, 4-8 May 1992.
[1646]
Peitgen H.-O., Jürgens H., and Saupe D. Fractals for the Classroom, Part One, Introduction to Fractals and Chaos. Springer-Verlag, 1992.
[1647]
Penard A.P. and Penard T.E. Surinam folk-tales. Journal of American Folk-Lore, 30:239-250, 1917.
[1648]
Penner S.S. and Berlad A.L. Fundamental combustion research in support of industrial applications. Energy, 47:311-324, 1995.
[1649]
Perlee H.E. and Fuller F.N. Saul C.H. Constant-volume flame propagation. Report of investigations 7839, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, 1974.
[1650]
Perry R.H. and Green D.W. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York, seventh edition, 1997.
[1651]
Perry R.H., Green D.W., and Maloney J.O. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York, seventh edition, 1999.
[1652]
Peters N. Laminar flamelet concepts in turbulent combustion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1231-1250, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[1653]
Peters N. Systematic reduction of flame kinetics: principles and details. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 113:67-86, 1988.
[1654]
Peters N. Laminar flamelet concepts in turbulent combustion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1231-1250, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1655]
Peters N. Length scales in laminar and turbulent flames. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 135:155-182, 1991.
[1656]
Peters N. Fifteen lectures on combustion. Unpublished, 1991.
[1657]
Peters N. and Rogg B. Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms for Applications in Combustion Systems. Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993.
[1658]
Peters N. Turbulent Combustion. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2000.
[1659]
Petersen E.L. and Hanson R.K. Reduced kinetic mechanism for ram accelerator combustion. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 15:591-600, 1999.
[1660]
Peterson P.F. Scaling and analysis of mixing in large stratified volumes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 37:97-106, 1994.
[1661]
Petrova M.V. and Williams F.A. A small detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism for hydrocarbon combustion. Combustion and Flame, 144:526-544, 2006.
[1662]
Petzold L. Automatic selection of methods for solving stiff and nonstiff systems of ordinary differential-equations. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 4:136-148, 1983.
[1663]
Pförtner H. Gas cloud explosions and resulting blast effects. Paper S3/1 at the 3rd Int. Conf. on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMIRT), September 8-11, 1975, Berlin, Germany, 1975. Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (BAM), Berlin.
[1664]
Pförtner H. Flame acceleration and pressure build up in free and partially confined hydrogen-air clouds. ICDERS, Ninth Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, July 1983.
[1665]
Pförtner H. and Schneider H. Ballonversuche zur Untersuchung der Deflagration von Wasserstoff Luft Gemischen (Abschlussbericht). PNP-Sicherheitssofortprogramm: Prozessgasfreisetzung - Explosion in der Gasfabrik und Auswirkungen von Druckwellen auf das Containment. ICT Internal Report, Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie, Pfinztal, Germany, 1983.
[1666]
Pförtner H. The effects of gas explosions in free and partially confined fuel-air mixtures. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 10:151-155, 1985.
[1667]
Piela K. and Teodorczyk A. Numerical simulation of detonation with adaptive grid. Journal of Technical Physics, XLVII:177-190, 2006.
[1668]
Pierorazio A.J., Thomas J.K., Baker Q.A., and Ketchum D.E. An update to the Baker-Strehlow-Tang vapor cloud explosion prediction methodology flame speed table. Process Safety Progress, 24(1):59-65, 2005.
[1669]
Pikaar M.J. Unconfined vapour cloud dispersion and combustion: an overview of theory and experiments. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 63:75-81, 1985.
[1670]
Pilling M.J. and Smith I.W.M, editors. Modern Gas Kinetics: theory, experiment and application. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
[1671]
Pilo F., Munaro L., and Zanardo A. Case of compressed gaseous tube trailer. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1672]
Pintgen F., Eckett C.A., Austin J.M., and Shepherd J.E. Direct observations of reaction zone structure in propagating detonations. Combustion and Flame, 133:211-229, 2003.
[1673]
Piomelli U., Coleman G.N., and Kim J. On the effects of nonequilibrium on the subgrid-scale stresses. Physics of Fluids, 9:2740-2748, 1997.
[1674]
Piomelli U., Yu Y., and Adrian R.J. Subgrid-scale energy transfer and near-wall turbulence structure. Physics of Fluids, 8:215-224, 1996.
[1675]
Piomelli U. and Liu J. Large-eddy simulation of rotating channel flows using a localized dynamic model. Physics of Fluids, 7:839-848, 1995.
[1676]
Piomelli U. High reynolds number calculations using the dynamic subgrid-scale stress model. Physics of Fluids A, 5:1484-1490, 1991.
[1677]
Piomelli U., Cabot W.H., Moin P., and Lee S. Subgrid-scale backscatter in turbulent and transitional flows. Physics of Fluids A, 3:1766-1771, 1991.
[1678]
Piomelli U., Zang T.A., Speziale C.G., and Hussaini M.Y. On the large-eddy simulation of transitional wall-bounded flows. Physics of Fluids A, 2:257-265, 1990.
[1679]
Piomelli U., Ferziger J., Moin P., and Kim J. New approximate boundary conditions for large eddy simulations of wall-bounded flows. Physics of Fluids A, 1:1061-1068, 1989.
[1680]
Piomelli U., Balint J.L., and Wallace J.M. On the validity of taylor's hypothesis for wall-bounded flows. Physics of Fluids A, 1:609-611, 1989.
[1681]
Pitsch H. Entwicklung eines programmpaketes zur berechnung eindimensionaler flammen am beispiel einer gegenstromdiffusionsflamme. Master's thesis, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, January 1993.
[1682]
Piomelli U., Moin P., and Ferziger J.H. Model consistency in large eddy simulation of turbulent channel flows. Physics of Fluids, 31:1884-1891, 1988.
[1683]
Pitch H. and DuChamp de Lageneste L. Large-eddy simulation of premixed turbulent combustion using a level-set approach. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2001-2008, Pittsburgh, 2002. The Combustion Institute.
[1684]
Pitts D.R. and Sissom L.E. Theory and problems of Heat Transfer. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.
[1685]
Planas-Cuchi E., Gasulla N., Ventosa A., and Casal J. Explosion of a road tanker containing liquified natural gas. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 17:315-321, 2004.
[1686]
Plaster M., McClenagan R.D., Benz F.J., Shepherd J.E., and Lee J.H.S. Detonation of cryogenic gaseous hydrogen-oxygen mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 133:37-55, 1991.
[1687]
Plonski I.H. Kinetics of active iron dissolution inhibited by adsorbed hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 21:837-851, 1996.
[1688]
Poelma C. Turbulence in dust explosion testing. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, June 1999.
[1689]
Poinsot T., Veynante D., and Candel S. Diagrams of premixed turbulent combustion based on direct simulation. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 613-619, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[1690]
Poinsot T.J., Veynante D., and Candel S. Quenching processes and premixed turbulent combustion diagrams. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 228:561-606, 1991.
[1691]
Poinsot T.J. and Lele S.K. Boundary conditions for direct simulations of compressible viscous flows. Journal of Computational Physics, 101:104-129, 1992.
[1692]
Poinsot T.J. Comments on flame stretch interactions of laminar premixed hydrogen air flames at normal temperature and pressure. Combustion and Flame, 113:279-281, 1998.
[1693]
Poinsot T. and Veynante D. Theoretical and numerical combustion. Edwards, Philadelphia, 2001.
[1694]
Poinsot T. and Veynante D. Theoretical and numerical combustion. Edwards, Philadelphia, second edition, 2005.
[1695]
Ponizy B. and Leyer J.C. Flame dynamics in a vented vessel connected to a duct: I. Mechanism of vessel-duct interaction. Combustion and Flame, 116:259-271, 1999.
[1696]
Ponizy B. and Leyer J.C. Flame dynamics in a vented vessel connected to a duct: II. Influence of ignition site, membrane rupture, and turbulence. Combustion and Flame, 116:272-281, 1999.
[1697]
Ponizy B. and Veyssiere B. Mitigation of explosions in a vented vessel connected to a duct. Combustion Science and Technology, 158:167-182, 2000.
[1698]
Ponizy B. and Veyssiere B. Diaphragm effect in mitigation of explosions in a vented vessel connected to a duct. In D. Bradley, D. Drysdale, and G. Makhviladze, editors, Fire and Explosion Hazards, Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar, 10-14 April 2000, Windemere, UK, pages 695-706. Centre for Research in Fire and Explosion Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom, 2001.
[1699]
Popat N.R., Catlin C.A., Arntzen B.J., Lindstedt R.P., Hjertager B.H., Solberg T., Saeter O., and van den Berg A.C. Investigations to improve and assess the accuracy of computational fluid dynamic based explosion models. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 45:1-15, 1996.
[1700]
Pope S.B. and Anand M.S. Flamelet and distributed combustion in premixed turbulent flames. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 403-410, Pittsburgh, 1984. The Combustion Institute.
[1701]
Pope S.B. Pdf methods for turbulent reactive flows. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 11:119-192, 1985.
[1702]
Pope S.B. Turbulent flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2000.
[1703]
Pope S.B. Ten questions concerning the large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows. New Journal of Physics, 6:1-24, 2004.
[1704]
Porzel F.B. and Reines F. Height of burst for atomic bombs. Technical Report LA-743R, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, July 1949.
[1705]
Poston T. and Stewart I. Catastrophe Theory and Its Applications. Dover Publications, New York, 1978.
[1706]
Powell O.A., Papas P., and Dreyer C. Laminar burning velocities for hydrogen-, methane-, acetylene-, and propane-nitrous oxide flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 181:917-936, 2009.
[1707]
Prasuhn A.L. Fundamentals of fluid mechanics. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1980.
[1708]
Prather M.J. An environmental experiment with H2O. Science, 302:581-582, 2003.
[1709]
prEN 14373. Explosion Suppression Systems. Draft European Standard. Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, 2002. To support essential requirements of EU Directive 94/9/EC of 23 March 1993 concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.
[1710]
prEN 14460. Explosion resistant equipment. Draft European Standard. Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, 2002. To support essential requirements of EU Directive 94/9/EC of 23 March 1993 concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.
[1711]
prEN 14491. Dust explosion venting protective systems. Draft European Standard. Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, 2002. To support essential requirements of EU Directive 94/9/EC of 23 March 1993 concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.
[1712]
prEN 14994. Gas explosion venting protective systems. Draft European Standard. Prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 305 under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, 2004. To provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 94/9/EC of 23 March 1994 concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.
[1713]
prEN 15089. Explosion Isolation Systems. Draft European Standard. Prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association., 2004. To provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 94/9/EC of 23 March 1993.
[1714]
Press W.H., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T., and Flannery B.P. Numerical Recipes in PASCAL, The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, second edition, 1992.
[1715]
Press W.H., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T., and Flannery B.P. Numerical Recipes in C, The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, second edition, 1992.
[1716]
Press W.H., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T., and Flannery B.P. Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN, The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, second edition, 1992.
[1717]
Press W.H., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T., and Flannery B.P. Numerical Recipes in C++, The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, second edition, 2002.
[1718]
Press W.H., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T., and Flannery B.P. Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, third edition, 2007.
[1719]
Pressure Dynamic Consultants Machines. Diaphragm compressors. http://www.pdcmachines.com/.
[1720]
Pritchard D.K., Freeman D.J., and Guilbert P.W. Prediction of explosion pressures in confined spaces. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 9:205-215, 1996.
[1721]
Priestley M.B. Spectral Analysis and Time Series. Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Academic Press, 1992.
[1722]
International Gas Union. Proceedings of the 22nd World Gas Conference, 1-5 June, 2003, Tokyo, Office of the Secretary General, StatoilHydro, Oslo, Norway, 2003.
[1723]
Proust C. and Veyssiere B. Fundamental properties of flames propagating in starch dust-air mixtures. Combustion Science and Technology, 62:149-172, 1988.
[1724]
Pu Y.K., Jarosinski J., Tai C.S., Kauffman C.W., and Sichel M. The investigation of the feature of dispersion induced turbulence and its effects on dust explosions in closed vessels. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1777-1787, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1725]
Pu Y.K., Jarosinski J., Johnson V.G., and Kauffman C.W. Turbulence effects on dust explosions in the 20-liter spherical vessel. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 843-849, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[1726]
Pusch W. and Wagner H.G. Investigation of the dependence of the limits of detonability on tube diameter. Combustion and Flame, 6:157-162, 1962.
[1727]
Pusch W. and Wagner H.G. Einflus des Rohrdurchmessers auf die Ausbreitung einer Detonation in explosiblen Gasgemischen Teil I: Inertgas - und Rohrdurchmessereinflus auf die Detonationsgrenzen einiger explosibler Gasgemische. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 69:503-513, 1965.
[1728]
Puttock J.S., Cresswell T.M., Marks P.R., Samuels B., and Prothero A. Explosion assessment in confined vented geometries. SOLVEX large-scale explosion tests and SCOPE model development. Project report TRCP 2688R2, Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, 1996.
[1729]
Puttock J.S., Yardley M.R., and Cresswell T.M. Prediction of vapour cloud explosions using the SCOPE model. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 13:419-431, 2000.
[1730]
Puttock J.S., Chynoweth S., Richardson S.A., and Ungut A. Mathematical modelling of gas explosions in congested plant. Preliminary Proceedings of the Second International Conference Fire Bridge: advances and future of accidental combustion research, Belfast, United Kingdom, 9-11 May 2005.
[1731]
Qin X., Kobayashi H., and Niioka T. Laminar burning velocity of hydrogen-air premixed fames at elevated pressure. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 21:58-63, 2000.
[1732]
Quest Consultants. A comparison of vapor cloud explosion models. The Quest Quarterly, 4(1):1-4, 1999.
[1733]
Quest Consultants. A comparison of vapor cloud explosion models - Part II. The Quest Quarterly, 4(2):1-4, 1999.
[1734]
Quintiere J.G. Principles of Fire Behavior. Delmar Publishers, Albany, NY, 1998.
[1735]
Quintiere J.G. Fundamentals Of Fire Phenomena. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2006.
[1736]
Quirk J.J. Godunov-type schemes applied to detonation flows. In J. Buckmaster, T. Jackson, and A. Kumar, editors, Combustion in High Speed Flows, pages 575-596, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994. Kluwer.
[1737]
Quirk J.J. A contribution to the great Riemann Solver Debate. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 18:555-574, 1994.
[1738]
Radhakrishnan K. and Hindmarsh A.C. Description and use of LSODE, the Livermore Solver for Ordinary Differential Equations. Technical Report Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-ID-113855 & NASA Reference Publication 1327, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory & Lewis Research Center Group, Livermore, 1993.
[1739]
Radulescu M.I., Higgins A.J., Murray S.B., and Lee J.H.S. An experimental investigation of the direct initiation of cylindrical detonations. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 480:1-24, 2003.
[1740]
Radulescu M.I. and Law C.K. The transient start of supersonic jets. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 578:331-369, 2007.
[1741]
Radulescu M.I., Sharpe G.J., Law C.K., and Lee J.H.S. The hydrodynamic structure of unstable cellular detonations. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 580:31-81, 2007.
[1742]
Rajaratnam N. Turbulent mixing and diffusion jets. In N.P. Cheremisinoff, editor, Dynamics of single-fluid flows and mixing, volume 2 of Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, chapter 15, pages 391-405. Gulf Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 1986.
[1743]
Rallis J.C., Garforth A.M., and Steinz J.A. Laminar burning velocity of acetylene-air mixtures by the constant-volume method. Combustion and Flame, 9:345-356, 1965.
[1744]
Ranke H. and Schoedel N. Hydrogen production technology - Status and new developments. Oil Gas European Magazine, p.78-84, February 2004.
[1745]
Rankine W.J.M. On plane water lines in two-dimensions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 154:369-391, 1864.
[1746]
Ranz W.E. and Marshall W.R. Evaporation from drops. Chemical Engineering Progress, 48:141-173, 1952.
[1747]
Ranzi E., Gaffuri P., Faravelli T., and Dagaut P. A wide-range modelling study of n-heptane oxidation. Combustion and Flame, 103:91-106, 1995.
[1748]
Rastogi A.K. and Marinescu-Pasoi L. Numerical simulation of hydrogen dispersion in residential areas. In D.L. Block and T.N. Veziroglu, editors, Proceedings the Tenth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Cocoa Beach, Florida, USA, volume 1 of Advances in Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Energy Progress X, pages 245-254, New York, 20-24 June 1994. International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Pergamon.
[1749]
Rayleigh J.W.S. Investigation of the character of the equilibrium of an incompressible heavy fluid of variable density. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 14:170-177, 1863.
[1750]
Rayleigh J.W.S. The explanation of certain acoustical phenomena. Nature, xx:319-321, 1878.
[1751]
Reaction Design. http://www.reactiondesign.com/support/open/datalinks.html, 2004.
[1752]
Redlinger R., Baumann W., Breitung W., Dorofeev S., Gulden W., Kuznetsov M., Lelyakin A., Necker G., Royl P., Singh R.-K., Travis J., and Veser A. 3D-analysis of an ITER accident scenario. Fusion Engineering and Design, 75-79:1233-1236, 2005.
[1753]
Reed S.B., Mineur J., and McNaughton J.P. The effect on the burning velocity of methane of vitiation of combustion air. Journal of the Institute of Fuel, 44:149-155, March 1971.
[1754]
Reece I. and Walker S. Teaching, training and learning: a practical guide. Business Education Publishers, Tyne and Wear, Great Britain, third edition edition, 1997.
[1755]
Rehm W., Gerndt M., Jahn W., Semler F., and Jones I. CFD simulation of deflagration-detonation processes using vector- and parallel computing systems. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 22:811-822, 1998.
[1756]
Rehm W., Nae C., Jahn W., Vogelsang R., and Wang B.L. CFD simulations of turbulent reactive flows with supercomputing for hydrogen safety. Computer Physics Communications, 147:522-525, 2002.
[1757]
Reid R.C., Prausnitz J.M., and Poling B.E. The Properties of Gases and Liquids. Chemical Engineering Series. McGraw-Hill, fourth edition, 1987.
[1758]
Reider R., Otway H.J., and Knight H.T. An unconfined, large-volume hydrogen/air explosion. Pyrodynamics, 2:249-261, 1965.
[1759]
Reinecke E.-A., Bentai A., Kelm S., Jahn W., Meynet N., and Caroli C. Open issues in the applicability of recombiner experiments and modelling to reactor simulations. Progress in Nuclear Energy, xx:yy-zz, 2009. In press JPNE1211.
[1760]
Reines F. Preliminary survey of physical effects produced by a super bomb. Technical Report LAMS-993, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, November 1949.
[1761]
Kommitten for Explosions Forsok. Report of committee for explosion testing. Slutrapport, Stockholm, April 1958.
[1762]
Reynolds W.C. The element potential method for chemical equilibrium analysis: implementation in the interactive program STANJAN. Technical report, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1986.
[1763]
Reynolds W.C., Parekh D.E., Juvet P.J.D., and Lee M.J.D. Bifurcating and blooming jets. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 35:295-315, 2003.
[1764]
Rheinboldt W.C. and Burkardt J. Algorithm 596: A program for a locally parameterized continuation process. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 9:236-241, 1983.
[1765]
Richter J.P. The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Dover, New York, 1970. Two Volumes.
[1766]
Ricou F.P. and Spalding D.B. Measurements of entrainment by axisymmetrical turbulent jets. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 11:21-32, 1961.
[1767]
Rigas F. and Sklavounos S. Evaluation of hazards associated with hydrogen storage facilities. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30:1501-1510, 2005.
[1768]
Rind D., Suozzo R., Balachandran N.K., and Prather M.J. Climate change and the middle atmosphere. Part 1. the doubled CO2 climate. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 47:475-494, 1990.
[1769]
Rinnan A. Transmission of detonation through tubes and orifices. In J.H.S. Lee and C.M. Guirao, editors, Proceedings of the International Specialists Meeting on Fuel-Air Explosions, McGill University, Montreal, 4-6 November 1981, pages 553-564, Waterloo, Canada, 1982. University of Waterloo Press.
[1770]
Rinnemo M., Deutschmann O., Behrendt F., and Kasemo B. Experimental and numerical investigation of the catalytic ignition of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen on platinum. Combustion and Flame, 111:312-326, 1997.
[1771]
Riso National Laboratory. Riso energy report 3. http://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/energy_report3/risr1469.pdf, November 2004.
[1772]
Rizzi A. and Eriksson L. Computation of inviscid incompressible flow with rotation. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 153:257-312, 1988.
[1773]
Roekaerts D.J.E.M. and Peeters T. Turbulente reagerende stromingen. Lecture notes, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, August 1993. Lecture notes on turbulent reacting flows.
[1774]
Roekaerts D.J.E.M. Spelen met vuur, September 1993. Inauguration speech held on 8 September 1993.
[1775]
Roberts T.A., Medonos S., and Shirvill L.C. Review of the response of pressurised process vessels and equipment to fire attack. Offshore Technology Report 2000 051, June 2000. Prepared by Logical Software Ltd for the Health and Safety Executive.
[1776]
Robertson. The solution of a set of reaction rate equations. In J. Walsh, editor, Numerical Analysis, An Introduction, pages 178-182, London, 1966. Academic Press.
[1777]
Roe P.L. Characteristic-based schemes for the Euler equations. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 18:337-365, 1986.
[1778]
Rogante M., Battistella P., and Cesari F. Hydrogen interaction and stress-corrosion in hydrocarbon storage vessel and pipeline weldings. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31:597-601, 2006.
[1779]
Rogg B. and Williams F.A. Structures of wet co flames with full and reduced kinetic mechanisms. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1441-1451, Pittsburgh, 1988. The Combustion Institute.
[1780]
Rogg B. Response and flamelet structure of stretched premixed methane-air flames. Combustion and Flame, 73:45-65, 1988.
[1781]
Rogg B. and Peters N. The asymptotic structure of weakly strained stochiometric methane-air flames. Combustion and Flame, 79:402-420, 1990.
[1782]
Rogovin M. and Frampton R. Three Mile Island: A Report to the Commissioners and to the Public. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Special Inquiry Report, January 1980.
[1783]
Rolland S. and Simmie J.M. The comparison of detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms; forward versus reverse rates with CHEMRev. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 37:119-125, 2005.
[1784]
Rook R. and de Goey L.P.H. The acoustic response of burner-stabilized flat flames: a two-dimensional numerical analysis. Combustion and Flame, 133:119-132, 2003.
[1785]
Rooney G.G. and Linden P.F. Strongly buoyant plume similarity and small-fire ventilation. Fire Safety Journal, 29:235-258, 1997.
[1786]
Rosenbrock H.H. Some general implicit processes for the numerical solution of differential equations. The Computer Journal, 5:329-330, 1963.
[1787]
Rothman L.S., Barbe A., Benner C.D., Brown L.R., Camy-Peyret C., Carleer M.R., Chance K., Clerbaux C., Dana V., Devi V.M., Fayt A., Flaud J.-M., Gamache R.R., Goldman A., Jacquemart D., Jucks K.W., Lafferty W.J., Mandin J.-Y., S.T. Massie, Nemtchinov V., Newnham D.A., Perrini A., Rinsland C.P., Schroeder J., Smith K.M., Smith M.A.H., Tang K., Toth R.A., Vander Auwera J., Varanasi P., and Yoshino K. The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database: edition of 2000 including updates through 2001. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 82:5-44, 2003.
[1788]
Rothrock A.M. and Selden R.F. Factors controlling diesel engine performance. In Proceedings of the First and Second Symposia on Combustion, pages 301-312, Pittsburgh, 1937. American Chemical Society, The Combustion Institute. First Symposium held at held at the Seventy-Sixth Meeting of the American Chemical Society at Swampscott, Massachusetts, September 10-14, 1928. Second Symposium held at the Ninety-Fourth Meeting of the American Chemical Society at Rochester, New York, September 9-10, 1937.
[1789]
Roy G.D., Frolov S.M., and Givi P. Advanced Computation and Analysis of Combustion. ENAS Publishers, Berlin, 1997.
[1790]
Roy G.D., Frolov S.M., and Starik A.M. Nonequilibrium Processes: Combustion and Detonation, volume 1. Torus Press, Moscow, 2005.
[1791]
Roy G.D., Frolov S.M., and Starik A.M. Nonequilibrium Processes: Plasma, aerosols, and Atmospheric Phenomena, volume 2. Torus Press, Moscow, 2005.
[1792]
Rudy D.H. and Strikwerda J.C. A nonreflecting outflow boundary condition for subsonic Navier-Stokes calculations. Journal of Computational Physics, 36:55-70, 1980.
[1793]
Ruffin E., Mouilleau Y., and Chaineaux J. Large scale characterization of the concentration field of supercritical jets of hydrogen and methane. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 9:279-284, 1996.
[1794]
Rumberg O. and Rogg B. Full PDF modeling of reactive sprays via evaporation-progress variable. Combustion Science and Technology, 158:211-247, 2000.
[1795]
Rybin H., Krainz G., Bartlok G., and Kratzer E. Safety demands for automotive hydrogen storage systems. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1796]
Sagaut P. and Germano M. Large Eddy Simulation for Incompressible Flows: An Introduction. Springer, Berlin, second edition, 2002.
[1797]
Salzano E., Marra F.S., Russo G., and Lee J.H.S. Numerical simulation of turbulent gas flames in tubes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, A95:233-247, 2002.
[1798]
Salvesen H.-C. and Teigland R. Non-reflecting boundary conditions applicable to general purpose cfd simulators. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 28:523-540, 1998.
[1799]
San Marchi C. and Somerday B.P. Technical Reference on Hydrogen. Compatibility of Materials. Technical Report SAND2008-1163, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, March 2008.
[1800]
Sandmeier H.A., Battat M.E., and Hansen G.E. How to calculate effects of tactical low-yield enhanced-radiation and fission warheads. Technical Report LA-9434, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, 1982.
[1801]
Sapko M.J., Furno A.L., and Kuchta J.M. Flame and pressure development of large-scale CH4-Air-N2 explosions. Report of investigations 8176, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, 1976.
[1802]
Sarghini F., Piomelli U., and Balaras E. Scale-similar models for large-eddy simulations. Physics of Fluids, 11:1596-1607, 1999.
[1803]
Sathiah P., Komen E., and Roekaerts D. The role of CFD combustion modeling in hydrogen safety management - I: Validation based on small scale experiments. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 248:93-107, 2012.
[1804]
Sathiah P., van Haren S., Komen E., and Roekaerts D. The role of CFD combustion modeling in hydrogen safety management - II: Validation based on homogeneous hydrogen-air experiments. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 252:289-302, 2012.
[1805]
Sato H., Amagai K., and Arai M. Diffusion flames and their flickering motions related with Froude numbers under various gravity levels. Combustion and Flame, 123:107-118, 2000.
[1806]
Sato K. Topics of recent hydrogen safety research in Japan. Preliminary Proceedings of the Second International Conference Fire Bridge: advances and future of accidental combustion research, Belfast, United Kingdom, 9-11 May 2005.
[1807]
Savill A.M. and Solberg T. Some improvements to PDR/k-e model predictions for explosions in confined geometries. In Proceedings of the IMA/ERCOFTAC Conference on Flow and Dispersion through Groups of Obstacles, Cambridge, 1994.
[1808]
Saxena P. and Williams F.A. Testing a small detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism for the combustion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Combustion and Flame, 145:316-323, 2006.
[1809]
Saxena P. and Williams F.A. Numerical and experimental studies of ethanol flames. In Proceedings of the Thirty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1149-1156, Pittsburgh, 2007. The Combustion Institute.
[1810]
Sayago I., Terrado E., Lafuente E., Horrillo M.C., Maser W.K., Benito A.M., Navarro R., Urriolabeitia E.P., Martinez M.T., and Gutierrez J. Hydrogen sensors based on carbon nanotubes thin films. Synthetic Metals, 148:15-19, 2005.
[1811]
Schauer F.R., Miser C.L., Tucker K.C., Bradley R.P., and Hoke J.L. Detonation initiation of hydrocarbon-air mixtures in a pulsed detonation engine. AIAA-paper 2005-1343, 2005.
[1812]
Schefer R.W., Houf W.G., San Marchi C., Chernicoff W.P., and Englom L. Characterization of leaks from compressed hydrogen dispensing systems and related components. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31:1247-1260, 2006.
[1813]
Schelkin K.I. On combustion in a turbulent flow. Soviet Physics - Technical Physics, 13:520-530, 1943.
[1814]
Schelkin K.I. On combustion in a turbulent flow. NACA Technical Memorandum 1110, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, Feruary 1947. Original: Jour. Tech. Phys. (USSR), vol. 13, nos. 9-10, 1943, pp. 520-530.
[1815]
Schetz J.A. Hydrodynamics of jets in crossflow. In N.P. Cheremisinoff, editor, Dynamics of single-fluid flows and mixing, volume 2 of Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, chapter 16, pages 406-429. Gulf Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 1986.
[1816]
Scheuermann K.P. Studies about the influence of turbulence on the course of explosions. Process Safety Progress, 13:219-226, 1994.
[1817]
Schlichting H. Boundary-layer theory. McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York, sixth edition, 1968. Translated by J. Kestin.
[1818]
Schmidt D., Segatz J., Riedel U., and Warnatz J. Simulation of laminar methane-air flames using automatically simplified chemical kinetics. Combustion Science and Technology, 113:3-16, 1996.
[1819]
Schmidt D., Blasenbrey T., and Maas U. Intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds of strained and unstrained flames. Combustion Theory Modelling, 2:135-152, 1998.
[1820]
Schmidt D., Krause U., and Schmidtchen U. Numerical simulation of hydrogen gas releases between buildings. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 24:479-488, 1999.
[1821]
Schmidt F.W., Henderson R.E., and Wolgemuth C.H. Introduction to Thermal Sciences, Thermodynamics, Fluid Dynamics, Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, second edition, 1993.
[1822]
Schmid H. and Klein R. A generalized level-set/in-cell-reconstruction approach for accelerating turbulent premixed flames. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 7:243-267, 2003.
[1823]
Schmid H.-P. and Leuckel W. A model for the turbulent burning velocity of premixed flames. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1996. submitted.
[1824]
Smith L.M. and Reynolds W.C. On the Yakhot-Orszag renormalization group method for deriving turbulence statistics and models. Physics of Fluids A, 4:364-390, 1992.
[1825]
Schmidt R.C., Kerstein A.R., Wunsch S., and Nilsen V. Near-wall les closure based on one-dimensional turbulence modeling. Journal of Computational Physics, 186:317-355, 2003.
[1826]
Schmidtchen U. and Marinescu-Pasoi L. Dispersion of hydrogen and propane gas clouds in residential areas. In D.L. Block and T.N. Veziroglu, editors, Proceedings the Tenth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Cocoa Beach, Florida, USA, volume 1 of Advances in Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Energy Progress X, pages 255-260, New York, 20-24 June 1994. International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Pergamon.
[1827]
Schneider H. and Pförtner H. Flammen- und Druckwellenausbreitung bei der Deflagration von Wasserstoff Luft Gemischen. PNP-Sicherheitssofortprogramm: Prozessgasfreisetzung - Explosion in der Gasfabrik und Auswirkungen von Druckwellen auf das Containment. Presentation Jahrestagung des Fraunhofer Instituts für Treib- und Explosivstoffe, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1978.
[1828]
Schneider H. and Eisenreich N. Temperaturbestimmung von Festtreibstoff-Flammen durch Berechnung der OH (O-O)-Bande. Combustion and Detonation Phenomena, 19th Int. Ann. Cont. of ICT, Karlsruhe, 1988.
[1829]
Schneider H. Large scale experiments: Deflagration and deflagration to detonation within a partial confinement similar to a lane. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1830]
Schneider H. and Proust C. Determination of turbulent burning velocities of dust air mixtures with the open tube method. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 20:470-476, 2007.
[1831]
Schneider T., Botta N., Geratz K.J., and Klein R. Extension of finite volume compressible flow solvers to multi-dimensional, variable density zero mach number flows. Journal of Computational Physics, 155:248-286, 1999.
[1832]
Scholl E.W. and Wiemann W. The influence of temperature on the explosion characteristics and the neutralization of coal dust/air mixtures. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of Safety in Mines Research Institutes, pages 631-634, 1985.
[1833]
Scholte T.G. and Vaags P.B. The burning velocity of hydrogen-air mixtures and mixtures of some hydrocarbons with air. Combustion and Flame, 3:495-501, 1959.
[1834]
Scraton R.E. Some L-stable methods for stiff differential equations. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 9:81-87, 1981.
[1835]
Schröder V., Emonts B., Janßen H., and Schulze H.-P. Explosion limits of hydrogen/oxygen mixtures at initial pressures up to 200 bar. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 27:847-851, 2004.
[1836]
Schrope M. A change of climate for big oil. Nature, 411:516-518, 2001.
[1837]
Schultz E. and Shepherd J.E. Validation of detailed reaction mechanisms for detonation simulation. Technical Report Explosion Dynamics Laboratory Report FM-99-5, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratries, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, 1999.
[1838]
Schultz M.G. Air pollution and climate-forcing impacts of a global hydrogen economy. Science, 302:624-627, 2003.
[1839]
Schultz M.G. et al. Ozone and climate impacts of a global hydrogen economy. Poster at the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2004, Kos, Greece, 2004.
[1840]
Schultz M.G., Markert F., and Pilegaard K. Riso Energy Report, Hydrogen and the environment. Technical report, Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Danmark, 2004. In: Larsen H, Feidenhans'l R, Pedersen LS (Ed.) (2004) Hydrogen and its Competitors (3) pp 58-62.
[1841]
Schumann U. Subgrid scale models for finite difference simulations of turbulent flows in plane channels and annuli. Journal of Computational Physics, 18:376-404, 1975.
[1842]
Scotti A. and Piomelli U. Numerical simulation of pulsating turbulent channel flow. Physics of Fluids, 13:1367-1384, 2001.
[1843]
Scott Stewart D. and Bdzil J.B. The shock dynamics of stable multi-dimensional detonation. Combustion and Flame, 72:311-323, 1988.
[1844]
Scott Stewart D., Aslam T.D., and Yao J. On the evolution of cellular detonation. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2981-2989, Pittsburgh, 1996. The Combustion Institute.
[1845]
Schroeder V. and Holtappels K. Explosion characteristics of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-oxygen mixtures at elevated pressures. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1846]
Searby G. and Quinard J. Direct and indirect measurements of Markstein numbers of premixed flames. Combustion and Flame, 82:298-311, 1990.
[1847]
SEC (2003) 489 of 30.4.2003. Investing in research: an action plan for Europe. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2003. Commission Staff Working Paper.
[1848]
SEC (2003) 905. e-Learning: Designing Tomorrows Education, A Mid-Term Report as requested by the Council Resolution of 13 July 2001. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2003. Commission Staff Working Paper.
[1849]
SEC (2007) 1272. Commission Staff Working Document, Impact Assessment. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2007. Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Council Regulation setting up the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking.
[1850]
SEC (2007) 1273. Commission Staff Working Document, Summary of the Impact Assessment. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 2007. Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Council Regulation setting up the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking.
[1851]
Seco F., Agote I., Ezponda E., Guisasola I.N., Lagos M.A., Kharatyan S.L., and Sargsyan A.R. Novel safe method of manufacturing hydrogen metallic hydrides. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1852]
Semenov N.N. Zur Theorie des Verbrennungsprozesses. Zeitschrift für Physik, 48:571, 1928.
[1853]
Serban R. and Hindmarsh A.C. Example Programs for CVODES v2.5.0. Technical Report UCRL-SM-208115, Center for Applied Scientic Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America, November 2006.
[1854]
Seymour D. Learning Outcomes and Assessment: developing assessment criteria for Masters-level dissertations. Brookes eJournal of Learning and Teaching, 1:1744-7747, 2005.
[1855]
Shabunya S.I., Martynenko V.V., Till M., and Perrin J. 1d phenomenological model estimating the overpressure which could be generated by gas explosion in a congested space. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1856]
Shampine L.F. and Watts H.A. ZEROIN: A root-solving code. Technical Report SAND-SC-TM-70-631, Sandia National Laboratories, 1970.
[1857]
Shampine L.F. Stiffness and nonstiff differential equation solvers, II: detecting stiffness with Runge-Kutta methods. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 3:44-53, 1977.
[1858]
Shampine L.F. and Watts H.A. The art of writing a Runge-Kutta code, Part I. In J.R. Rice, editor, Mathematical Software, volume III, pages 257-275. Academic Press, New York, 1977.
[1859]
Shampine L.F. and Watts H.A. DEPAC - Design of a user oriented package of ODE solvers. Technical Report SAND79-2374, Sandia National Laboratories, 1979.
[1860]
Shampine L.F. and Watts H.A. The art of writing a Runge-Kutta code. II. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 5:93-121, 1979.
[1861]
Shampine L.F. and Gear C.W. A user's view of solving stiff ordinary differential equations. SIAM Review, 21:1-17, 1979.
[1862]
Shampine L.F. Evaluation of a test set for stiff ODE solvers. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 7:409-420, 1981.
[1863]
Shampine L.F. Implementation of Rosenbrock methods. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 8:93-113, 1982.
[1864]
Sharma S.P., Agrawal D.D., and Gupta C.P. The pressure and temperature dependence of burning velocity in a spherical combustion bomb. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 493-501, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[1865]
Shet U.S.P., Sriramulu V., and M.C. Gupta. A new approach to the correlation of turbulent burning velocity data. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1073-1080, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[1866]
Shebeko Y.N., Keller V.D., Yeremenko O.Y., Smolin I.M., Serkin M.A., and Korolchenko A.Y. Regularities of formation and combustion of local hydrogen-air mixtures in a large volume. Chemical Industry, 21:24(728)-27(731), 1988.
[1867]
Shelton F.H. High-altitude effects on blast-thermal partition of energy from nuclear explosions and associated scaling laws. Technical Report SC-2969(RT), Sandia Corporation, Contractors for the US Atomic Energy Commission, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America, September 1953.
[1868]
Shepard D. A two dimensional interpolation function for irregularly spaced data. In Proceedings of the 1968 23rd ACM national conference, pages 517-523. Association for Computing Machinery, 1968.
[1869]
Shepherd I.G., Moss J.B., and Bray K.N.C. Turbulent transport in a confined premixed flame. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 423-431, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[1870]
Shepherd I.G. and Ashurst W.M.T. Flame front geometry in premixed turbulent flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 485-491, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[1871]
Shepherd J.E. Hydrogen steam jet flame facility and experiments. Technical Report NUREG/CR-3638, SAND84-0060, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1985.
[1872]
Shepherd J. Chemical kinetics of hydrogen-air-diluent detonations. Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, 106:263-293, 1986.
[1873]
Shepherd J., Moen I.O., Murray S., and Thibault P. Analysis of the cellular structure of detonations. In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1649-1658, Pittsburgh, 1986. The Combustion Institute.
[1874]
Shepherd J., Kaneshige M., and Teodorczyk A. Detonation database on the internet. Sixteenth International Colloquium on Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, ICDERS 97, 1997.
[1875]
Shepherd J.E., Krok J.C., and Lee J.J. Jet A explosion experiments: laboratory testing. Technical Report Explosion Dynamics Laboratory Report FM97-5, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratries, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, November 1997. Prepared for and supported by the National Transportation Safety Board Under Order NTSB12-97-SP-0127.
[1876]
Shepherd J.E. Elastic and plastic structural response of tubes to deflagration-to-detonation transition. Technical Report Explosion Dynamics Laboratory Report FM2006-00x, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratries, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, July 2006. Presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August, 2006.
[1877]
Shepherd J.E. Structural response of piping to internal gas detonation. Proceedings of the ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference, July 23-27, 2006, Vancouver BC, Canada. PVP2006-ICPVT-11-93670.
[1878]
Shepherd J.E. Explosion effects. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[1879]
Shepherd J.E. Detonation in gases. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 83-98, Pittsburgh, 2009. The Combustion Institute.
[1880]
Sheppard C.G.W., Tolegano S., and Woolley R. On the nature of autoignition leading to knock in HCCI engines. SAE paper 2002-01-2831, 2002.
[1881]
Sherif S.A., Zeytinoglu N., and Veziroglu T.N. Liquid hydrogen: potential, problems, and a proposed research program. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 22:683-688, 1997.
[1882]
Shin W., Matsumiya M., Qiua F., Izua N., and Murayama N. Thermoelectric gas sensor for detection of high hydrogen concentration. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, B97:344-347, 2004.
[1883]
Shirvill L.C., Roberts P., Butler C.J., Roberts T.A., and Royle M. Characterization of the hazards from jet releases of hydrogen. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1884]
Shuen J.-S., Liou M.-S., and van Leer B. Inviscid flux-splitting algorithms for real gases with non-equilibrium chemistry. Journal of Computational Physics, 90:371-395, 1990.
[1885]
Shukla S., Zhang P., Cho H.J., Ludwig L., and Seal S. Significance of electrode-spacing in hydrogen detection for tin oxide-based MEMS sensor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:470-475, 2008.
[1886]
Shy S.S., Lin W.J., and Wei J.C. An experimental correlation of turbulent burning velocities for premixed turbulent methane-air combustion. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 456:1997-2019, 2000.
[1887]
Siegel R. and Howell J.R. Thermal radiation heat transfer. Hemisphere, New York, third edition, 1993.
[1888]
Simmie J.M., Rolland S., and Ryder E. Automatic comparison of thermodynamic data for species in detailed chemical kinetic modelling, (CHEMThermo and structure linking explained). International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 37:341-345, 2005.
[1889]
Simon F., Cooke A.H., and Pearson H. Liquefaction of hydrogen by the expansion method. Proceedings of the Physical Society, 47:678-683, 1935.
[1890]
Simon I. and Arndt M. Thermal and gas-sensing properties of a micromachined thermal conductivity sensor for the detection of hydrogen in automotive applications. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 97-98:104-108, 2002.
[1891]
Sindelar R., Kaufmann H., May U., Krainz G., and Hofmeister F. Characterization of materials in pressurized hydrogen under cyclic loading at service conditions in hydrogen powered engines. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1892]
Singer J.M., Grumer J., and Cook E.B. Burning velocities by the Bunsen-burner method I. hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures at one atmosphere. II. hydrocarbon-air mixtures at subatmospheric pressures. In Proceedings of the Gas Dynamics Symposium on Aerothermochemistry, pages 139-150, Illinois, 1956. Northwestern University.
[1893]
Sivashinsky G.I. On a converging spherical flame front. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 17:1499-1506, 1974.
[1894]
Sivashinsky G.I. Nonlinear analysis of hydrodynamic instabilit in laminar flames - I. Derivation of the basic equations. Acta Astronautica, 4:1177-1206, 1977.
[1895]
Sivashinsky G.I. On self-turbulization of a laminar flame. Acta Astronautica, 6:569-591, 1979.
[1896]
Sivashinsky G.I. Instabilities, pattern formation, and turbulence in flames. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 15:179-199, 1983.
[1897]
Siwek R. 20-l Laborapparatur für die Bestimmung der Explosionskenngrößen brennbarer Stäube. PhD thesis, Technical University of Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland, September 1977.
[1898]
Siwek R. and Cesana Ch. Operating instructions for the 20-litre apparatus. Technical report, Adolf Kühner AG, Dinkelbergstr. 1, CH-4127 Birsfelden, Switzerland, March 1992. 5th revised edition.
[1899]
Siwek R., Glor M., and Torreggiani T. Dust explosion venting at elevated initial pressure. In 7th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, volume 2, pages 57-1-57-15. European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE), 1992.
[1900]
Skjold T., Arntzen B., Hansen O.R., Taraldset O.J., Storvik I.E., and Eckhoff R.K. Simulating dust explosions with the first version of DESC. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 83:151-160, 2005.
[1901]
Skjold T., Arntzen B., Hansen O.R., Storvik I.E., and Eckhoff R.K. Simulation of dust explosions in complex geometries with experimental input from standardized tests. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 19:210-217, 2006.
[1902]
Skjold T. Review of the DESC project. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 20:291-302, 2007.
[1903]
Skjold T., Dahoe A.E., Melheim J., Arntzen B.J., and Eckhoff R.K. Improved correlations for turbulent burning velocity and flame thickness in the CFD code DESC. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE), volume I, pages 208-216, St. Petersburg, Russia, July 7-11 2008.
[1904]
Sklavounos S. and Rigas F. Validation of turbulence models in heavy gas dispersion over obstacles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 108:9-20, 2004.
[1905]
Skrbek L. and Stalp S.R. On the decay of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Physics of Fluids, 12:1997-2019, 2000.
[1906]
Slack D.C., Whitaker D.L., and Walters R.W. Time-integration algorithms for the two-dimensional Euler equations on unstructured meshes. AIAA Journal, 32:1158-1166, 1994.
[1907]
Slezak S.E., Buckius R.O., and Krier H. A model of flame propagation in rich mixtures of coal dust in air. Combustion and Flame, 59:251-265, 1985.
[1908]
Sluijs L. The strengthened 20-litre sphere. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, December 1994.
[1909]
Sluman T.J., van Maanen H.R.E., and Ooms G. Atmospheric boundary layer simulation in a wind-tunnel, using air injection. Applied Scientific Research, 36:289-307, 1980.
[1910]
Smagorinsky J. Gereral circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic equations. Monthly Weather Review, 91:99-164, 1963.
[1911]
Smith D. and Agnew J.T. The effect of pressure on the laminar burning velocity of methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. In Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium International) on Combustion, pages 83-88, New York, 1951. Reinhold Publishing Corporation.
[1912]
Smith J.M. and Van Ness H.C. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. McGraw-Hill series in chemical engineering. McGraw-Hill, fourth edition, 1987.
[1913]
Smith J.M., Van Ness H.C., and Abbott M.M. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. McGraw-Hill, New York, sixth edition, 2001.
[1914]
Smith J.M., Van Ness H.C., and Abbott M.M. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. McGraw-Hill, New York, seventh edition, 2007.
[1915]
Smith N.S.A., Bilger R.W., and Chen J.-Y. Modelling of nonpremixed hydrogen jet flames using a conditional moment closure method. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 263-269, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[1916]
Smith P. Large eddy simulations of accidental fires using massively parallel computers. In 16th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference. American Instsitute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 23-26 June 2003.
[1917]
Smith W.R. and Missen R.W. Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Analysis: Theory and Algorithms. Krieger Publishing, Malabar, Fla, 1991.
[1918]
Smoot L.D. and Horton M.D. Propagation of laminar pulverized coal-air flames. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 3:235-258, 1977.
[1919]
Smoot L.D., Horton M.D., and Williams G.A. Propagation of laminar pulverized coal-air flames. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 375-387, Pittsburgh, 1977. The Combustion Institute.
[1920]
Snegirev A.Yu., Marsden J.A., Francis J., and Makhviladze G.M. Fundamental combustion research in support of industrial applications. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47:2523-2539, 2004.
[1921]
Söderlind G. Digital filters in adaptive time-stepping. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 29:1-26, 2003.
[1922]
Sokolik A.S. Self-ignition flame and detonation gases. Technical Report NASA-TT-F-125, NASA, Washington D.C., January 1963.
[1923]
Sokolik A.S., Karpov V.P., and Semenov E.S. Turbulent combustion of gases. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 3(1):61-67, 1967.
[1924]
Solberg D.M., Pappas J.A., and Skramstad E. Experimental investigations on flame acceleration and pressure rise phenomena in large scale vented gas explosions. In Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in Process Industries, pages 16-1295, Basel, 1980.
[1925]
Solberg D.M., Pappas J.A., and Skramstad E. Observations of flame instabilities in large scale vented gas explosions. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1607-1614, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[1926]
Soloukhin R. Multiheaded structure of gaseous detonation. Combustion and Flame, 9:51-58, 1965.
[1927]
Sonntag R.E. et al. Slush hydrogen, gelled hydrogen, and gelled-slush hydrogen. Contractor Report NASP-1027, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 1988.
[1928]
Sonntag R.E., Borgnakke C., and van Wylen G.J. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, sixth edition, 2003.
[1929]
Soran D.M. and Stillman D.B. An analysis of the alleged Kyshtym disaster. Technical Report LA-9217-MS, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, 1982.
[1930]
Soufiani A. and Taine J. High temperature gas radiative property parameters of statistical narrow-band model for H2O, CO2 and CO, and correlated-K model for H2O and CO2. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 357:987-991, 1997.
[1931]
Spalding D.B. Some Fundamentals of Combustion. Butterworths, London, 1955.
[1932]
Spalding D.B., Stephenson P.L., and Taylor R.G. A calculation procedure for the prediction of laminar flame speeds. Combustion and Flame, 17:55-64, 1971.
[1933]
Spalding D.B. Combustion and Mass Transfer. Pergamon, New York, 1979.
[1934]
Spalding D.B. Mathematical modelling of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer processes. Technical Report HTS/80/1, Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, 1980.
[1935]
Spalart P.R. and Allmaras S.R. A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows. Recherche Aerospatiale, 1:5-21, 1994.
[1936]
Spalart P.R., Jou W.-H., Strelets M., and Allmaras S.R. Comments on the feasibility of LES for wings, and on a hybrid RANS/LES approach. In C. Liu and Z. Liu, editors, Advances in DNS/LES, First AFOSR International Conference on DNS/LES, Ruston, LA, pages 5.67-5.86, Columbus, OH, August 4-8 1997. Greyden Press.
[1937]
Spalart P.R. Strategies for turbulence modelling and simulations. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 21:252-263, 2000.
[1938]
Sparrow C.T. The Lorenz Equations: Bifurcations, Chaos, and Strange Attractors, volume 41 of Applied Mathematical Sciences. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982.
[1939]
Spencer J.R. and Mitton J. The Great Comet Crash. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995.
[1940]
Sperling D. and Cannon J.S. The hydrogen energy transition: moving toward the post petroleum age in transportation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004.
[1941]
Speziale C.G. Turbulence modeling for time-dependent RANS and VLES: a review. AIAA-paper 97-2051, 1997.
[1942]
Spiegel M.R. and Stephens L.J. Theory and problems of statistics. Schaum's outline series. McGraw-Hill, New York, third edition, 1999.
[1943]
Sreenivasan K.R. and Meneveau C. The fractal facets of turbulence. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 173:357-186, 1986.
[1944]
Srinivas K. and Fletcher C.A.J. Computational techniques for fluid dynamics: a solutions manual. Springer Series in Computational Physics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
[1945]
Stamps D.W. and Berman M. High-temperature hydrogen combustion in reactor safety applications. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 109:39-48, 1991.
[1946]
Stamps D.W. and Tieszen S.R. The influence of initial pressure and temperature on hydrogen-air-diluent detonations. Combustion and Flame, 83:353-364, 1991.
[1947]
Stamps D.W., Slezak S.E., and Tiezen S.R. Observations of the cellular structure of fuel-air detonations. Combustion and Flame, 144:289-298, 2006.
[1948]
Statharas J.C., Venetsanos A.G., Bartzis J.G., Wurtz J., and Schmidtchen U. Analysis of data from spilling experiments performed with liquid hydrogen. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 77:57-75, 2000.
[1949]
Steihaug T. and Wolfbrandt A. An attempt to avoid exact jacobian and nonlinear equations in the numerical solution of stiff differential equations. Mathematics of Computation, 33:521-534, 1979.
[1950]
Steinberger-Wilckens R., Linderoth S., Dahoe A.E., Mertens J.O., and Reiners S. European Curriculum in Fuel Cells and Hydrogen. In Proceedings of the 4th Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Forum, 17th conference in series of the European Fuel Cell Forum in Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland, 2-5 July 2013.
[1951]
Stephenson R.R. Fire safety of hydrogen-fueled vehicles: System-level bonfire test. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1952]
Stewart G.W. Matrix algorithms, Volume I: Basic decompositions. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1998.
[1953]
Stewart G.W. Matrix algorithms, Volume II: Eigensystems. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2001.
[1954]
Stewart W.F., Dewart J.M., and Edeskuty F.J. Safe venting of hydrogen. In T.N. Veziroglu and P.K. Takahashi, editors, Proceedings the Eighth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Honolulu and Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, volume 3 of Advances in Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Energy Progress VIII, pages 1209-1218, New York, 22-27 July 1990. International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Pergamon.
[1955]
Stöcklin M. Hydrogen vehicles - Onboard storage systems - LH2-vehicle - Technical explanation. UN-ECE GRPE ad hoc WG, 2002. http://www.eihp.org/unece/meetings/meet02/.
[1956]
Strang G. On the construction and comparison of difference schemes. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 5:506-517, 1968.
[1957]
Strauss W.A. and Edse R. Burning velocity measurements by the constant pressure bomb method. In Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 377-385, London, 1959. Butterworths.
[1958]
Strehlow R.A., Liaugminas R., Watson R.H., and Eyman J. Transverse waves structure in detonations. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 683-692, Pittsburgh, 1967. The Combustion Institute.
[1959]
Strehlow R.A. Gas phase detonations: Recent developments. Combustion and Flame, 12:81-101, 1968.
[1960]
Strehlow R.A. Gas phase detonations: recent developments. Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, 14:539-548, 1969.
[1961]
Strehlow R.A. The nature of transverse waves in detonations. Acta Astronautica, 14:539-548, 1969.
[1962]
Strehlow R.A., Maurer R.E., and Rajan S. Transverse waves in detonations: I. Spacings in the hydrogen-oxygen system. AIAA Journal, 7:323-328, 1969.
[1963]
Strehlow R.A. Transverse waves in detonations: II. Structure and spacing in H2-O2, C2H2-O2, C2H4-O2 and CH4-O2 systems. AIAA Journal, 7:492-496, 1969.
[1964]
Strehlow R.A. Multi-dimensional wave structure. Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, 15:345-357, 1970.
[1965]
Strehlow R.A. Combustion Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Series In Energy. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
[1966]
Strelets M. Detached eddy simulation of massively separated flows. AIAA-paper 2001-0879, 2001.
[1967]
Stroustrup B. The C++ programming language. Addison-Wesley, New York, third edition, 2000.
[1968]
Stull R.B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988.
[1969]
Subbotin V.A. Collisions of transverse waves in gas detonations. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 11:411-414, 1975.
[1970]
Subramanya M., Davu D.S., and Choudhuri A. Experimental investigation on the flame extinction limit of fuel blends. In Proceedings of 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 10-13 January 2005, Reno, Nevada, pages AIAA 2005-0374, Reston, VA, 2005. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
[1971]
Sun C.J., Sung C.J., He L., and Law C.K. Dynamics of weakly stretched flames: quantitative description and extraction of global flame parameters. Combustion and Flame, 118:108-128, 1999.
[1972]
Sunderland P.B., Mendelson B.J., Yuan Z.G., and Urban D.L. Shapes of buoyant and nonbuoyant laminar jet diffusion flames. Combustion and Flame, 116:376-386, 1999.
[1973]
Sunderland P.B. Pressure relief devices for hydrogen vehicles. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[1974]
Sunderland P.B. Fire hazards of small hydrogen leaks. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[1975]
Sung C.-J. and Law C.K. Fundamental combustion properties of H2/CO mixtures: ignition and flame propagation at elevated pressures. Combustion Science and Technology, 180:1097-1116, 2008.
[1976]
Sutapun B. Tabib-Azar M. and Kazemi A. PD-coated elastooptic fiber optic Bragg grating sensors for multiplexed hydrogen sensing. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, B60:27-34, 1999.
[1977]
Sutherland J.C. and Kennedy C.A. Improved boundary conditions for viscous, reacting, compressible flows. Journal of Computational Physics, 191:502-524, 2003.
[1978]
Swain M.R., Schriber J.A., and Swain M.N. Hydrogen emissions from EV batteries undergoing charging in residential garages. GEOMET final report IE-2647, prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America, October 1993.
[1979]
Swain M.R. and Swain M.N. Passive ventilation systems for the safe use of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 21:823-835, 1996.
[1980]
Swain M.R., Schriber J.A., and Swain M.N. Addendum to hydrogen vehicle safety report: Residential garage safety assessment. Phase-1: Risks in indoor vehicle storage. Prepared for Directed Technologies Inc., 1998.
[1981]
Swain M.R., Grilliot E.S., and Swain M.N. Addendum to hydrogen vehicle safety report: Residential garage safety assessment. Phase-2: Risks in indoor vehicle storage. Prepared for Directed Technologies Inc., 1998.
[1982]
Swain M.R., Grilliot E.S., and Swain M.N. Experimental verification of a hydrogen risk assessment method. Chemical Health and Safety, 21:28-32, 1999.
[1983]
Swain M.R., Filoso P., Grilliot E.S., and Swain M.N. Hydrogen leakage into simple geometric enclosures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 28:229-248, 2003.
[1984]
Swain M.R. Codes and standards analysis. Presentation at the annual program review meeting of the hydrogen, fuel cells & infrastructure program of the US department of energy, 24 May 2004.
[1985]
Swain M.R., Filoso P.A., and Swain M.N. Ignition of lean hydrogen-air mixtures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30:1447-1455, 2005.
[1986]
Swift I. Developments in dust explosibility testing: the effect of test variables. In J.H.S. Lee and C.M. Guirao, editors, Proceedings of the International Specialists Meeting on Fuel-Air Explosions, McGill University, Montreal, 4-6 November 1981, pages xx-yy, Waterloo, Canada, 1982. University of Waterloo Press.
[1987]
Swift I. and Epstein M. Performance of low-pressure explosion vents. Plant/Operations Progress, 6:98-105, 1987.
[1988]
Sylvester-Bradley O. Can the hydrogen economy provide a sustainable future? Published on the website Defactodesign.com, July 2003.
[1989]
Tabib-Azar M., Sutapun B., Petrick R., and Kazemi A. Highly sensitive hydrogen sensors using palladium coated fiber optics with exposed cores and evanescent field interactions. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, B56:158-163, 1999.
[1990]
Taheri A. Dust explosion testing at elevated initial pressure. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, March 1995.
[1991]
Takahashi F., Mizomoto M., and Ikai S. Alternative energy sources III. In T. Nejat Veziroglu, editor, Nuclear Energy / Synthetic Fuels, volume 5, pages 447-457, New York, 1983. McGraw-Hill.
[1992]
Takeno K., Okabayashi K., Ichinose T., Kouchi A., Nonaka T., Hashiguchi K., and Chitose K. Phenomena of dispersion and explosion of high pressurized hydrogen. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[1993]
Takeno K., Okabayashi K., Kouchi A., Nonaka T., Hashiguchi K., and Chitose K. Dispersion and explosion field tests for 40 MPa pressurized hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2144-2153, 2007.
[1994]
Taki S. and Fujiwara T. Numerical analysis of two-dimensional nonsteady detonations. AIAA-paper 76-404, 1978.
[1995]
Tam V.H.Y. and Lee R. Gas explosion modelling of FPSO. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 11:67-73, 1998.
[1996]
Tamanini F. Modelling of panel inertia effects in vented dust explosions. Process Safety Progress, 15:247-257, 1986.
[1997]
Tamanini F. Turbulence effects on dust explosion venting. Plant/Operations Progress, 9(1):52-61, 1990.
[1998]
Tamanini F. and Chaffee J.L. Turbulent vented gas explosions with and without acoustically-induced instabilities. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, 4-8 May 1992, Taormina, Italy, pages 38-1-38-19, Rome, 1992. European Federation of Chemical Engineering, SRP Partners.
[1999]
Tamanini F. Modeling of turbulent unvented gas/air explosions. Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, 154:3-30, 1993.
[2000]
Tamanini F. The role of turbulence in dust explosions. In The Seventh International Colloquium on Dust Explosions, pages 6.29-6.41, Bergen, Norway, June 1996. Christian Michelsen Research AS.
[2001]
Tamanini F. Modelling of panel inertia effects in vented dust explosions. Process safety Progress, 15:247-257, 1996.
[2002]
Tamm H., Ungurian M., and Kumar R.K. Effectiveness of thermal ignition devices in rich hydrogen -air-steam mixtures. Technical Report EPRI NP-5254, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, 1987.
[2003]
Tan O.K., Zhu W., Tse M.S., and Yao X. Hydrogen sensitive I-V charactristics of metal-, ferroelectric gas sensor device fabricated by sol-gel technique. Materials Science and Engineering, B58:221-228, 1999.
[2004]
Tan Y., Dagaut P., Cathonnet M., and Boettner J. Acetylene oxidation in a jsr from 1 to 10 atm and comprehensive kinetic modeling. Combustion Science and Technology, 102:21-55, 1994.
[2005]
Tanaka T., Azuma T., Evans J.A., Cronin P.M., Johnson D.M., and Cleaver R.P. Experimental study on hydrogen explosions in a full-scale hydrogen filling station model. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2006]
Tanaka T., Azuma T., Evans J.A., Cronin P.M., Johnson D.M., and Cleaver R.P. Experimental study on hydrogen explosions in a full-scale hydrogen filling station model. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2162-2170, 2007.
[2007]
Tanford C. and Pease R.N. Equilibrium atom and free radical concentrations in carbon monoxide flames and correlation with burning velocities. Journal of Chemical Physics, 15:431-433, 1947.
[2008]
Tanford C. and Pease R.N. Theory of burning velocity. I. Temperature and free radical concentrations near the flame front, relative importance of heat conduction and diffusion. Journal of Chemical Physics, 15:433-439, 1947.
[2009]
Tanford C. and Pease R.N. Theory of burning velocity. II. The square root law for burning velocity. Journal of Chemical Physics, 15:861-865, 1947.
[2010]
Tang M.J. and Baker Q.A. A new set of blast curves from vapor cloud explosion. Process Safety Progress, 18:235-240, 1999.
[2011]
Tang M.J. and Baker Q.A. Comparison of blast curves from vapor cloud explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 13:433-438, 2000.
[2012]
Tap F.A., Hilbert R., Thevenin D., and Veynante D. A generalized flame surface density modelling approach for the auto-ignition of a turbulent non-premixed system. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 8:165-193, 2004.
[2013]
Taylor G.I. Diffusion by continuous movements. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 20:196-212, 1922.
[2014]
Taylor G.I. Dynamics of a mass of hot gas rising in air. Technical Report LA-236, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States of America, March 1945.
[2015]
Taylor G.I. The formation of a blast wave by a very intense explosion. I. Theoretical discussion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 201:159-174, 1950.
[2016]
Taylor G.I. The instability of liquid surfaces when accelerated in a direction perpendicular to their planes. I. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 201:192-196, 1950.
[2017]
Taylor J.R. Firewalking: a lesson in physics. The Physics Teacher, 27:166-168, 1989.
[2018]
Taylor S.C. Burning velocity and the influence of stretch. PhD thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, 1991.
[2019]
Tchouvelev A.V., Benard P., Agranat V., and Cheng Z. Determination of clearance distances for venting of hydrogen storage. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2020]
Telengator A.M., Margolis S.B., and Williams F.A. Influence of distributed solid-phase reactions on deflagrations in confined porous propellants. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2087-2095, Pittsburgh, 2005. The Combustion Institute.
[2021]
Tennekes H. and Lumley J.L. A first course in turbulence. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1972.
[2022]
Teodorczyk A. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters of combustion products behind overdriven detonation wave. Biuletyn Informacyjny ITC Politechniki Warszawskiej, 76:21-45, 1992.
[2023]
Teodorczyk A. and Lee J.H.S. Detonation attenuation by foams and wire meshes lining the walls. Shock Waves, 4:225-236, 1995.
[2024]
Teodorczyk A. and Thomas G.O. Experimental methods for controlled deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in gaseous mixtures. Archivum Combustionis, 15:59-80, 1995.
[2025]
Teodorczyk A. Fast deflagrations and detonations in obstacle-filled channels. Biuletyn Instytutu Techniki Cieplnej PW, 79:145-178, 1995.
[2026]
Teodorczyk A. and Benoan F. Interaction of detonation with inert gas zone. Shock Waves, 6:211-223, 1996.
[2027]
Teodorczyk A. Fast deflagrations, deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) and direct detonation in hydrogen-air mixtures. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[2028]
Teodorczyk A. Deflagration and detonation arresters. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[2029]
Teodorczyk A. Scale effects on hydrogen-air fast deflagrations and detonations in small obstructed channels. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:147-153, 2008.
[2030]
Tewarson A. Generation of heat and chemical compounds in fires. In P.J. DiNenno, D. Drysdale, C.L. Beyler, W.D. Walton, R.L.P. Custer, J.R. Hall, and J.M. Watts, editors, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Section 4: Design Calculations, chapter 3-4, pages 3-82 - 3-161. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, third edition, 2002.
[2031]
Tezok F.I., Kauffman C.W., Sichel M., and Nicholls J.A. Turbulent burning velocity measurements for dust-air mixtures in a constant volume spherical bomb. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 105:184-195, 1986.
[2032]
Thomas C.E., James B.D., and Lomax F.D. Jr. Market penetration scenarios for fuel cell vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 23:949-966, 1998.
[2033]
Thompson K.W. Time-dependent boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems. Journal of Computational Physics, 68:1-24, 1987.
[2034]
Thompson K.W. Time-dependent boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems II. Journal of Computational Physics, 89:439-461, 1990.
[2035]
Thibaut D. and Candel S. Numerical study of unsteady turbulent premixed combustion: Application to flashback simulation. Combustion and Flame, 113:53-65, 1998.
[2036]
Thimbleby H. The Leidenfrost phenomenon. Physics Education, 24:300-303, 1989.
[2037]
Thomas G.O. The response of pipes and supports to internal pressure loads generated by gaseous detonations. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Transactions of the ASME, 124:66-73, 2002.
[2038]
Thomas J.K., Pierorazio A.J., Goodrich M.L., Kolbe M., Baker Q.A., and Ketchum D.E. Deflagration to detonation transition in unconfined vapor cloud explosions. In Eighteenth Annual International Conference - Managing Chemical Reactivity Hazards and High Energy Release Events, pages 155-168, Scottsdale (AZ), 23-25 September 2003. Center for Chemical Process Safety.
[2039]
Tien C.L. and Lee S.C. Flame radiation. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 8:41-59, 1982.
[2040]
Tieszen S.R., Sherman M.P., Benedick W.B., Shepherd J.E., Knystautas R., and Lee J.H.S. Detonation cell size measurements in hydrogen-air-steam mixtures. Progress in Astronautics Aeronautics, 106:205-219, 1986.
[2041]
Tieszen S.R., Stamps D.W., Westbrook C.K., and Pitz W.J. Gaseous hydrocarbon-air detonations. Combustion and Flame, 84:376-390, 1991.
[2042]
Tieszen S.R. Effect of initial conditions on combustion generated loads. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 140:81-94, 1993.
[2043]
Tieszen S.R. On the fluid mechanics of fires. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 33:67-92, 2001.
[2044]
Tobiska P., Hugnon O., Trouillet A., and Gagnaire H. An integrated optic hydrogen sensor based on SPR on palladium. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, B74:168-172, 2001.
[2045]
Tomlin A.S., Turanyi T., and Pilling M.J. Mathematical tools for the construction, investigation and reduction of combustion mechanisms. In M.J. Pilling, editor, Low-Temperature Combustion and Autoignition, pages 293-437. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997.
[2046]
Toong T.-Y. Combustion dynamics: the dynamics of chemically reacting fluids. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.
[2047]
Toro E.F. Riemann solvers and numerical methods for fluid dynamics: a practical introduction. Springer-Verlag, New York, second edition, 1999.
[2048]
Torrent J.G. and Menédez. Explosion tests at elevated initial pressures. Europex Newsletter, pages 6-8, September 1993.
[2049]
Touil H., Bertoglio J.-P., and Shao L. The decay of turbulence in a bounded domain. Journal of Turbulence, 3:1-12, 2002.
[2050]
TrainHy Consortium. International Curriculum on Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technologies, Living document. Url: http://www.hysafe.org/CurriculumHFCT.
[2051]
Trautwein S.E., Grudno A., and Adomeit G. The influence of turbulence intensity and laminar flame speed on turbulent flame propagation under engine like conditions. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 723-728, Pittsburgh, 1990. The Combustion Institute.
[2052]
Troe J. Theory of thermal unimolecular reactions in the fall-off range. I. Strong collision rate constants. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie, 87:161-169, 1983.
[2053]
Troe J. Detailed modelling of the temperature and pressure dependence of the reaction H + O2 (+M) ® HO2 (+M). In Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1463-1469, Pittsburgh, 2000. The Combustion Institute.
[2054]
Tromp T.K. Potential environmental impact of a hydrogen economy on the stratosphere. Science, 300:1740-1742, 2003.
[2055]
Trouve A. and Poinsot T. The evolution equation for the flame surface density. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 278:1-31, 1994.
[2056]
Truelove J.S. A mixed gray gas model for flame radiation. Technical Report AERE-R8494, UKAEA, Harwell, 1976.
[2057]
Tsatsaronis G. Prediction of propagating laminar flames in methane, oxygen, nitrogen mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 33:217-239, 1978.
[2058]
Tse S.D., Zhu D.L., and Law C.K. Morphology and burning rates of expanding spherical flames in H2/O2/inert mixtures up to 60 atmospheres. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1793-1800, Pittsburgh, 2000. The Combustion Institute.
[2059]
Tseng L.-K., Ismail M.A., and Faeth G.M. Laminar burning velocities and Markstein numbers of hydrocarbon/air flames. Combustion and Flame, 95:410-426, 1993.
[2060]
Tsuchiya M. and Ross J. Application of genetic algorithm to chemical kinetics: systematic determination of reaction mechanism and rate coefficients for a complex reaction network. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 105:4052-4058, 2001.
[2061]
Tsujimura T., Mikami S., Achiha N., Tokunaga Y., Senda J., and Fujimoto H. A study of direct injection Diesel engine fueled with hydrogen. SAE Technical paper series, 2003-01-0761, 2003.
[2062]
Tsuge S., Furukawa H., Matsukawa M., and Nakagawa T. On the dual property and the limit of hydrogen-oxygen free detonation waves. Acta Astronautica, 15:377-386, 1970.
[2063]
Tsukada K., Kiwa T., Yamaguchi T., Migitaka S., Goto Y., and Yokosawa K. A study of fast response characteristics for hydrogen sensing with platinum FET sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 114:158-163, 2006.
[2064]
Tsukada K., Yamaguchi T., and Kiwa T.A. Proton pumping gate field-effect transistor for a hydrogen gas sensor. IEEE Sensors Journal, 7:1268-1269, 2007.
[2065]
Tsuruda T. and Hirano T. Growth of flame front turbulence during flame propagation across an obstacle. Combustion Science and Technology, 51:323-328, 1987.
[2066]
Tucker M. Interaction of a free flame front with a turbulence field. Technical Note NACA TN 3407, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, March 1955.
[2067]
Tufano V., Crescitelli S., and Russo G. On the design of venting systems against gaseous explosions. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 3:143-152, 1981.
[2068]
Tufano V., Maremonti M., Salzano E., and Russo G. Simulation of VCEs by CFD modelling: an analysis of sensitivity. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 11:169-175, 1998.
[2069]
Tullis S. and Cant R.S. Scalar transport modeling in large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2097-2104, Pittsburgh, 2002. The Combustion Institute.
[2070]
Turner J.S. Buoyant plumes and thermals. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 1:29-44, 1969.
[2071]
Turns S.L. An introduction to combustion. McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering. McGraw-Hill, 1996.
[2072]
Turns S.R. An introduction to combustion: concepts and applications. McGraw-Hill, New York, second edition, 2000.
[2073]
Turns S.R. Thermodynamics: concepts and applications. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006.
[2074]
Turns S.L. Thermal fluid sciences: an integrated approach. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006.
[2075]
Tzimas E. Filiou C., Peteves S.D., and Veyret J.-B. Hydrogen storage: State-of-the-art and future perspective. European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre (DG JRC), Institute for Energy, Petten, The Netherlands, 2003.
[2076]
UFIP. Guide méthodologique ufip pour la réalisation des études de dangers en raffineries, stockages et dépêts de produits liquides et liquéfiés. L'Universite de Formation Inter-professionnelle, Saint Laurent du Var, France, 2002.
[2077]
Uhde GmbH. Hydrogen. http://www.uhde.biz/informationen/broschueren.en.html, 2003.
[2078]
Ungut A., Shuff P.J., and Eyre J.A. Initiation of unconfined gaseous detonation by diffraction of a detonation front emerging from a pipe. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:523-545, 1984.
[2079]
United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2007. New York, 2007. Compiled by an Inter-Agency and Expert Group on MDG Indicators led by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat in response to the wishes of the General Assembly for periodic assessment of progress towards the MDGs.
[2080]
Occupational Safety United States Department of Labor and Health Administration. Directive CPL 03-00-008, Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program (Reissued). Directorate of Enforcement Programs 200 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20210, March 2011. This directive cancels OSHA Instruction CPL 03-00-006 Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program, October 18, 2007.
[2081]
Urtiew P.A. and Oppenheim A.K. Experimental observations of transition to detonation in explosive gas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 295:13-38, 1966.
[2082]
Urtiew P.A. and Tarver C.M. Effects of cellular structure on the behaviour of gaseous detonation waves under transient conditions. 75, pages 370-384, 1981.
[2083]
US Department of Energy. A manual for the prediction of blast and fragment loadings on structures. Technical Report DOE/TIC-11268, Albuquerque Operations Office, Amarillo Area Office, Amarillo, Texas, August 1981.
[2084]
US Department of Energy. National hydrogen energy roadmap, Based on the results of the national hydrogen energy roadmap workshop, april 2-3 2002, washington, dc, 2002. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/.
[2085]
US Department of Energy. Guidance for safety aspects of proposed hydrogen projects. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, August 2004.
[2086]
US Department of Energy. Regulators guide to permitting hydrogen technologies. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, PNNL-14518, December 2004.
[2087]
US Department of Energy. Module 1: Permitting stationary fuel cell installations. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, PNNL-14518, December 2004.
[2088]
US Department of Energy. Module 2: Permitting hydrogen motor fuel dispensing facilities. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, PNNL-14518, December 2004.
[2089]
US Department of Energy. Progress Report for the DOE Hydrogen Program, 2006.
[2090]
USACE. Structures to resist accidental explosions. Report TM5-1300, US Army Corps of Engineers, Hyattsville, USA, 1990.
[2091]
Uttamchandani D., Culshaw B., Overington M.S., Parsey M., Faccini M., and Thevenaz L. Distributed sensing of strain in synthetic fiber rope and cable constructions using optical fiber sensors. In Michael A. Marcus and Brian Culshaw, editors, Proceedings of SPIE - Volume 3860 - Fiber Optic Sensor Technology and Applications, pages 273-275. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1999.
[2092]
Vaagsaether K., Knudsen V., and Bjerketvedt D. Simulation of flame acceleration and ddt in H2-air mixture with a flux limiter centred method. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2093]
Vaagsaether K., Knudsen V., and Bjerketvedt D. Simulation of flame acceleration and DDT in H2-air mixture with a flux limiter centered method. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2186-2191, 2007.
[2094]
Vagelopoulos C.M. and Egolfopoulos F.N. Further considerations on the determination of laminar flame speeds from streched flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1341-1347, Pittsburgh, 1995. The Combustion Institute.
[2095]
Vagelopoulos C.M. and Egolfopoulos F.N. Direct experimental determination of laminar flame speeds. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 513-519, Pittsburgh, 1998. The Combustion Institute.
[2096]
van den Berg A.C. The multi-energy method - a framework for vapor cloud explosion blast prediction. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 12:1-10, 1985.
[2097]
van den Berg A.C. Evaluation of consequence models for gas explosions and blast propagation. Course given at the 8th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, page 69, Antwerp, Belgium, 6-9 June 1995.
[2098]
van den Berg A.C., The H.G., Mercx W.P.M., Mouilleau Y., and Hayhurst C.J. Autoreagas - a cfd-tool for gas explosion hazard analysis. The 8th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, page 69, Antwerp, Belgium, 19-23 June 1995.
[2099]
van den Berg A.C. and Versloot N.H.A. The multi-energy critical separation distance. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 16:111-120, 2003.
[2100]
van den Berg A.C., van der Voort M.M., Weerheijm J., and Versloot N.H.A. Expansion-controlled evaporation: a safe approach to BLEVE blast. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 17:397-405, 2004.
[2101]
van den Berg A.C., van der Voort M.M., Weerheijm J., and Versloot N.H.A. BLEVE blast by expansion-controlled evaporation. Process Safety Progress, 25:44-51, 2005.
[2102]
van den Braken - van Leersum A.M. Safety distances - a space oddity. Process Safety and Industrial Explosion Protection, International ESMG Symposium, Nurnberg, Germany, 11-13 October 2005.
[2103]
Van den Bulck E. Closed algebraic expressions for the adiabatic limit value of the explosion constant in closed volume combustion. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 18:35-42, 2005.
[2104]
Van der Molen R. and Nicholls J.A. Blast wave initiation energy for the detonation of methane-ethane-air mixtures. Combustion Science and Technology, 21:75-78, 1979.
[2105]
van der Voort M.M., Van Doormaal J.C.A.M., Verolme E.K., and Weerheijm J. Analysis of the Sci Pan 3 debris throw data using the Klotz Group approach. 32th Explosives Safety Seminar held at Philadelphia, Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board, 22-24 August 2006.
[2106]
Van der Vorst H.A. Bi-CGSTAB: A fast and smoothly converging variant of Bi-CG for the solution of nonsymmetric linear systems. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 13:631-644, 1992.
[2107]
van der Waals J.D. The equation of state for gases and liquids. Nobel Lecture, December 1910.
[2108]
van der Wel P.G.J., van Veen J.P.W., Lemkowitz S.M., Scarlett B., and Wingerden C.J.M. van. An interpretation of dust explosion phenomena on the basis of time scales. Powder Technology, 71(2):207-215, August 1992.
[2109]
van der Wel P.G.J. Ignition and propagation of dust explosions. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, April 1993. Delft University Press.
[2110]
Van Doormaal J.C.A.M., van der Voort M.M., Verolme E.K., and Weerheijm J. Design of KG-Engineering Tool for debris throw prediction. Report TNO-DV2 2005 C112, TNO, Rijswijk, the Netherlands, 2006.
[2111]
Van Doormaal J.C.A.M. and Weerheijm J. J Klotz Group engineering tool for debris launch prediction. 32th Explosives Safety Seminar held at Philadelphia, Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board, 22-24 August 2006.
[2112]
Van Doormaal J.P. and Raithby G.D. Enhancement of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flows. Numerical Heat Transfer, 7:147-163, 1984.
[2113]
Van Driest E.R. Turblent boundary layer in compressible fluids. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, 18:145-160, 1951.
[2114]
Van Leer B. Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. V. A second-order sequel to Godunov's sequel. Journal of Computational Physics, 32:101-136, 1979.
[2115]
Van Maaren A., Thung D.S., and de Goey L.P.H. Measurement of flame temperature and adiabatic burning velocity of methane-air mixtures. Combustion Science and Technology, 96:327-344, 1994.
[2116]
Van Tiggelen A. Les réactions en chai'nes et les propriétés des mélanges inflammables de méthane et d'air. Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges, 55:202-244, 1946.
[2117]
Van Tiggelen A. Théorie chimique pour la vitesse de propagation des flammes. Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges, 58:259-265, 1949.
[2118]
van Wingerden C.J.M. Detonations in pipes and in the open. Cmr internal report, Christian Michelsen Research, Bergen, Norway, 1999.
[2119]
Vandermeiren M. and Van Tiggelen P.J. Cellular structure in detonation of acetylene-oxygen mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:104-117, 1984.
[2120]
Vandermeiren M. and Van Tiggelen P.J. Role of an inhibitor on the onset of gas detonations in acetylene mixtures. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 114:186-200, 1988.
[2121]
Varin R.A., Czujko T., and Wronski Z.S. Nanomaterials for Solid State Hydrogen Storage. Springer, New York, 2009.
[2122]
Vargaftik N.B. Handbook of physical properties of liquids and gases, pure substances and mixtures. Hemisphere, Washington DC, second edition edition, 1975.
[2123]
Vasilev A.A., Nikolaev Yu.A., and Ulyanitskii. Analysis of the cell parameters of a multifront gas detonation. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 13:338-341, 1977.
[2124]
Vasilev A.A. and Grigorev V.V. Critical conditions for gas detonation in sharply expanding channels. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 16:579-585, 1980.
[2125]
Vasilev A.A. Geometric limits of gas detonation propagation. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 18:245-249, 1982.
[2126]
Vasilev A.A. Critical initiation of detonation. Combustion Explosion and Shock Waves, 19:115-123, 1983.
[2127]
Vasilyev O.V., Lund T.S., and Moin P. A general class of commutative filters for LES in complex geometries. Journal of Computational Physics, 146:82-104, 1998.
[2128]
Vasserman A.A., Kazavchinskii Ya.Z., and Rabinovich V.A. Thermophysical Properties of Air and Air Components. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd., Jerusalem, 1971. Translated from Russian: Teplofizicheskie svoitva vozdukha i ego komponentov.
[2129]
VDI 3673. Pressure Venting of Dust Explosions. Verein Deutcher Ingenieure (VDI), 1995.
[2130]
Veen J.P.W. van. BOOOEM!!! Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 1991.
[2131]
Venart J.E.S. Letter to the Editor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 80:271-272, 2000.
[2132]
Venetsanos A.G., Huld T., Adams P., and Bartzis J.G. Source, dispersion and combustion modelling of an accidental release of hydrogen in an urban environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, A105:1-25, 2003.
[2133]
Venetsanos A.G. and Bartzis J.G. CFD modelling of large-scale LH2 spills in open environment. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2134]
Venetsanos A.G. and Bartzis J.G. CFD modeling of large-scale LH2 spills in open environment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2171-2177, 2007.
[2135]
Venetsanos A.G., Papanikolaou E., Delichatsios M., Garcia J., Hansen O.R., Heitsch M., Huser A., Jahn W., Jordan T., Lacome J.-M., Ledin H.S., Makarov D., Middha P., Studer E., Tchouvelev A.V., Teodorczyk A., Verbecke F., and Van der Voort M.M. An inter-comparison exercise on the capabilities of CFD models to predict the short and long term distribution and mixing of hydrogen in a garage. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, San Sebastian, Spain, 11-13 September 2007.
[2136]
Venetsanos A.G., Baraldi D., Adams P., Heggem P.S., and Wilkening H. CFD modelling of hydrogen release, dispersion and combustion for automotive scenarios. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:162-184, 2008.
[2137]
Venkatakrishnan V. and Barth T.J. Application of direct solvers to unstructured meshes for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations using upwind schemes. AIAA-paper 89-0364, 1989.
[2138]
Verfondern K. and Dienhart B. Experimental and theoretical investigation of hydrogen pool spreading and vaporization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 22:649-660, 1997.
[2139]
Verfondern K., Jahn W., Reinecke E.-A., and Tragsdorf I.M. Experimental investigations and numerical modeling on hydrogen recombining devices in closed areas. www.hysafe.org.
[2140]
Verfondern K. and Dienhart B. Pool spreading and vaporization of liquid hydrogen. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2141]
Verfondern K. and Dienhart B. Pool spreading and vaporization of liquid hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2106-2117, 2007.
[2142]
Verfondern K. Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Production, volume 58 of Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energietechnik. Forschungszentrums Jülich, Jülich, Germany, 2007.
[2143]
Verhelst S., Woolley R., Lawes M., and Sierens R. Laminar and unstable burning velocities and Markstein lengths of hydrogen-air mixtures at engine-like conditions. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 209-216, Pittsburgh, 2005. The Combustion Institute.
[2144]
Veser A., Breitung W., and Dorofeev S. B. Run-up distances to supersonic flames in obstacle-laden tubes. Journal de Physique de France IV, 12:333-340, 2002.
[2145]
Veynante D., Piana J., Duclos J.M., and Piana J. Experimental analysis of flame surface density models for premixed turbulent combustion. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 413-420, Pittsburgh, 1996. The Combustion Institute.
[2146]
Veynante D. and Poinsot T. Effects of pressure gradients on turbulent premixed flames. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 332:83-114, 1997.
[2147]
Veynante D., Trouve A., Bray K.N.C., and Mantel T. Gradient and counter-gradient scalar transport in turbulent premixed flames. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 332:263-293, 1997.
[2148]
Veynante D. and Vervisch L. Turbulent combustion modeling. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 28:193-266, 2002.
[2149]
Vinckier J. and Van Tiggelen A. Structure and burning velocity of turbulent premixed flames. Combustion and Flame, 12:561-568, 1968.
[2150]
Viskanta R. and Menguc M.P. Radiation transfer in combustion systems. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 13:97-160, 1987.
[2151]
Vlachos D.G. and Bui P.-A. Catalytic ignition and extinction of hydrogen: comparison of simulations and experiments. Surface Science, 364:L625-L630, 1996.
[2152]
Vlachos D.G. Stochastic modeling of chemical microreactors with detailed kinetics-induction times and ignitions of H2 in air. Chemical Engineering Science, 53:157-168, 1998.
[2153]
Vleeshouwers A. The propagation of gas and dust flames. part a: The experimental determination of the laminar burning velocity of cornstarch by means of laser doppler anemometry. part b: Evaluation of density profiles in propagating methane-air flames in a constant volume vessel by means of interferometry. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, February 1997.
[2154]
Völkening S., Bedürftig K., Jacobi K., Wintterlin J., and Ertl G. Dual-path mechanism for catalytic oxidation of hydrogen on platinum surfaces. Physical Review Letters, 83:2672-2675, 1999.
[2155]
Voitsekhovskii B.V., Mitrofanov V.V., and Topchian M.E. The structure of a detonation front in gases. Technical Report FTD-MT-64-527 (AD 633821), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 1966.
[2156]
Volk F. and Bathelt H. Rechenprogramm zur Ermittlung thermochemischer und innenballistischer Graben, sowie von Gasdetonationsparametern. Report 3/82, FhG-ICT, 1982.
[2157]
Wakabayashi K., Mogi T., Kim D., Abe T., Ishikawa K., Kuroda E., Matsumura T., Nakayama Y., Horiguchi S., Oya M., and Fujiwara S. A field explosion test of hydrogen-air mixtures. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2158]
Walenta Z.A., Teodorczyk A., Dabkowski A., and Witkowski W. Direct Monte-Carlo simulation of a detonation wave in a narrow channel, containing flammable gas. Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 1:51-61, 2004.
[2159]
Walker J. The amateur scientist. Scientific American, 140:126-131, 1977.
[2160]
Walker P.J. and Dawes W.N. The extension and application of three-dimensional time marching to incompressible turbomachinery flow. Journal of Turbomachinery, Transactions of the ASME, 112:385-390, 1990.
[2161]
Walker S. Interpretation of experimental results from Spadeadam explosion tests. Offshore Technology Report 2001 086, 2001. Prepared by Logical Software Ltd for the Health and Safety Executive.
[2162]
Wang J.-S. Internal hydrogen-induced embrittlement in iron single crystals. In T.-J. Chuang and J.W. Rudnicki, editors, Multiscale deformation and fracture in materials and structures, volume 84 of Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, chapter 3, pages 31-47. Springer, The Netherlands, 2001.
[2163]
Wang W. and Rogg B. Reduced kinetic mechanisms and their numerical treatment I: Wet CO flames. Combustion and Flame, 94:271-292, 1993.
[2164]
Watanabe S., Tamura Y., and Suzuki J. The new facility for hydrogen and fuel cell vehicle safety evaluation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2154-2161, 2007.
[2165]
Wancura H., Mayo B., Reijalt M., Mertens J.J., Maio P., and Claassen P. Draft implementation report WG5 Cross Cutting Issues (XCI). European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform. Implementation Panel, 2006.
[2166]
Wang B.L., Olivier H., and Grönig H. Ignition of shock-heated H2-air-steam mixtures. Combustion and Flame, 133:93-106, 2003.
[2167]
Warnatz J. The structure of laminar alkane-, alkene-, and acetylene flames. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 369-384, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[2168]
Warnatz J. and Jager W. Proceedings of the second workshop, august 11-15, heidelberg, germany. In V.I. Goldanskii, F.P. Schafer, and J.P. Toennies, editors, Complex Chemical Reaction Systems, Mathematical Modelling and Simulation, Springer Series in Chemical Physics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987.
[2169]
Warnatz J., Maas U., and Dibble R.W. Combustion: Physical and Chemical Fundamentals, Modeling and Simulation, Experiments, Pollutant Formation. Springer, New York, third edition, 2005.
[2170]
Warsi Z.U.A. Fluid Dynamics: Theoretical and Computational Approaches. CRC Press, London, second edition, 1999.
[2171]
Watanabe S., Tamura Y., and Suzuki J. The new facility for hydrogen and fuel cell vehicle safety evaluation. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2172]
Watrasiewicz B.M. and Rudd M.J. Laser Doppler Measurements. Butterworths, 1976.
[2173]
Watterson J.K., Savill A.M., Dawes W.N., and Bray K.N.C. Predicting confined explosions with an unstructured adaptive mesh code. In Joint Meeting of the Portugese, British and Spanish Sections of the Combustion Institute, Madeira, 1996.
[2174]
Watterson J.K., Connell I.J., Savill A.M., and Dawes W.N. A solution-adaptive mesh procedure for predicting confined explosions. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 26:235-247, 1998.
[2175]
Webber D.M. Source terms. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 4:5-15, 1991.
[2176]
Weber Jr. J.W., Oran E.S., Patnaik G., and Anderson Jr. J.D. Load balancing and performance issues for data parallel simulation of stiff chemical nonequilibrium flows. AIAA Journal, 35:486-493, 1997.
[2177]
Weijst J.W.B. van der. On the determination of the burning velocity and flame thickness in turbulent cornstarch-air mixtures by using the standard 20-litre explosion sphere. Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, Division of Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, May 1998.
[2178]
Weiner S.C., Kallman R.A., Ruiz A., and Schneider J.M. Hydrogen safety: From policies to plans to practices. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2179]
Weiser V., Roth E., Kelzenberg S., Eckl W., Eisenreich N., and Langer G. Measuring and modelling unsteady radiation of hydrogen combustion. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2180]
Weiser V. and Eisenreich N. Fast emission spectroscopy for a better understanding of pyrotechnic combustion behavior. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 30:67-78, 2005.
[2181]
Weiser V., Baier A., Eckl W., and Eisenreich N. Spectroscopic investigations on gas explosions in a pressure bomb. In Proceedings of the 30th International Annual Conference of ICT, Energetic Materials - Modeling of phenomena, experimental characterization, environmental engineering, Pfinztal, Germany, 29 June - 2 July 1999. Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology.
[2182]
Weller H.G., Tabor G., Gosman A.D., and Fureby C. Application of a flame-wrinkling les combustion model to a turbulent mixing layer. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 899-907, Pittsburgh, 1998. The Combustion Institute.
[2183]
Wellington J. The work related curriculum: challenging the vocational imperative. New Developments in Vocational Education. Kogan Page Limited, London, 1993.
[2184]
Welty J. R., Wicks C. E., Wilson R. E., and Rorrer G.L. Fluid mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, fourth edition, 2001.
[2185]
Wen J.X. and Huang L.Y. CFD modelling of confined jet fires under ventilation-controlled conditions. Fire Safety Journal, 34:1-24, 2000.
[2186]
Wen J.X. Hydrogen fires. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[2187]
Wennberg P.O., Hanisco T.F., Jaegle L., Jacob D.J., Hintsa E.J., Lanzendorf E.J., Anderson J.G., Gao R.-S., Keim E.R., Donnelly S.G., Del Negro L.A., Fahey D.W., McKeen S.A., Salawitch R.J., Webster C.R., May R.D., Herman R.L., Proffitt M.H., Margitan J.J., Atlas E.L., Schauffler S.M., Flocke F., McElroy C.T., and Bui T.P. Hydrogen radicals, nitrogen radicals, and the production of O3 in the upper troposphere. Science, 279:49-53, 1998.
[2188]
Wentzel F., Fischer M., and Eichert H. Initiation and quenching of detonations in hydrogen-air mixtures. Paper presented at the Tenth World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Cocoa Beach, Florida, 20-24 June 1994. International Association for Hydrogen Energy.
[2189]
Wesseling P. An introduction to multigrid methods. Pure and Applied Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 1992.
[2190]
Wesseling P. Principles of computational fluid dynamics. Springer Series in Computational Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001.
[2191]
Westbrook C.K. and Dryer F.L. Simplified reaction mechanisms for the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels in flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 27:31-43, 1981.
[2192]
Westbrook C.K. Chemical-kinetics of hydrocarbon oxidation in gaseous detonation. Combustion and Flame, 46:191-216, 1982.
[2193]
Westbrook C.K. and Urtiew P.A. Chemical kinetic prediction of critical parameters in gaseous detonation. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 615-623, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[2194]
Westbrook C.K., Pitz W.J., and Urtiew P.A. Chemical kinetics of propane oxidation in gaseous detonations. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, 94:151-174, 1984.
[2195]
Westenberg A.A. and Rice J.L. Further measurements of turbulence intensity in flame zones. Combustion and Flame, 3:459-465, 1959.
[2196]
White D.R. Turbulent structure of gaseous detonation. Physics of Fluids, 4:465-480, 1961.
[2197]
White F.M. Viscous fluid flow. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.
[2198]
White F.M. Fluid mechanics. McGraw-Hill, New York, fifth edition, 2003.
[2199]
Whitehouse D.R., Greig D.R., and Koroll G.W. Combustion of stratified hydrogen-air mixtures in the 10.7 m3 combustion test facility cylinder. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 166:453-462, 1996.
[2200]
Widom B. Statistical Mechanics: A Concise Introduction for Chemists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2002.
[2201]
Wiemann W. Influence of temperature and pressure on the explosion characteristics of dust/air and dust/air/inert gas mixtures. In K.L. Cashdollar and M. Hertzberg, editors, Industrial Dust Explosions, pages 33-44, Philadelphia, 1987. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
[2202]
Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster.
[2203]
Wikipedia Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil.
[2204]
Willacy S.K., Phylaktou H.N., Andrews G.E., and Mkpadi M.C. Detonation of hydrogen in a partially filled interconnecting vessel following an initial period of pressure piling. ICDERS, Twentieth Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, 2005.
[2205]
Wilkening H., Venetsanos A.G., Huld T., and Bartzis J.G. Safety assessment of hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles by numerical simulation. In Euroconference on New and Renewable Technologies for Sustainable Development, Madeira Island, Portugal, 26-29 June 2000.
[2206]
Wilkening H. and Baraldi D. CFD modelling of accidental hydrogen release from pipelines. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2207]
Wilkening H. and Baraldi D. CFD modelling of accidental hydrogen release from pipelines. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32:2206-2215, 2007.
[2208]
Williams D.N., Bauwens L., and Oran E.S. Structure and propagation of three-dimensional detonations. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 2991-2998, Pittsburgh, 1996. The Combustion Institute.
[2209]
Williams D.N., Bauwens L., and Oran E.S. Numerical study of the mechanisms of self-reignition in low-overdrive detonations. Shock Waves, 6:93-110, 1996.
[2210]
Williams D.T. and Bollinger L.M. The effect of turbulence on flame speeds of Bunsen-type flames. In Proceedings of the Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 176-185, Baltimore, 1949. Williams and Wilkins.
[2211]
Williams F.A. Urban and wildland fire phenomenology. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 8:317-354, 1982.
[2212]
Williams F.A. Combustion Theory: the fundamental theory of chemically reacting flow systems. Combustion Science and Engineering Series. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California, second edition, 1985.
[2213]
Williams F.A. Turbulent combustion. In Buckmaster J.D., editor, The mathematics of combustion, Frontiers in Applied Mathematics, chapter 3, pages 97-131. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, United States of America, 1985.
[2214]
Williams F.A. Reduced kinetic schemes in combustion. In G.D. Roy, editor, Propulsion Combustion: Fuels to Emissions, pages 93-128, Washington, DC, 1998. Taylor and Francis.
[2215]
Williams F.A. The role of theory in combustion science. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1-17, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[2216]
Williams F.A. and Furukawa J. Approximate local mathematical descriptions of turbulent bunsen flames in the flamelet regime. Combustion and Flame, 138:108-113, 2004.
[2217]
Williams F.A. Reduced chemistry for hydrogen combustion and detonation. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[2218]
Williams F.A. Detailed and reduced chemistry for hydrogen autoignition. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:131-135, 2008.
[2219]
Williams F.A. New developments in the understanding of hydrogen laminar burning velocities and spontaneous ignition. A lecture presented at the Third European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 21-31 July 2008.
[2220]
Williams F.A. Chemical-kinetic simplifications for lean hydrogen deflagrations. A lecture presented at the Fourth European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 7-16 September 2009.
[2221]
Williams L.O. Hydrogen powered automobiles must use liquid hydrogen. Cryogenics, 8:693-698, 1973.
[2222]
Wilson M.J.G. Relief of explosions in closed vessels. PhD thesis, London University, London, United Kingdom, 1954.
[2223]
Winsche W.E., Hoffman K.C., and Salzano F.J. Hydrogen: its future role in the nation's energy economy. Science, 180:1325-1332, 1973.
[2224]
Wintenberger E. and Shepherd J.E. Detonation waves and pulse detonation engines. Presentation by the Explosion Dynamics Laboratory, Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 27 January 2004.
[2225]
Winter C.-J. Energy policy is technology politics - the hydrogen energy case (with an eye particularly on safety comparison of hydrogen energy to current fuels). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31:1623-1631, 2006.
[2226]
Witcofsky R.D. and Chirivella J.E. Experimental and analytical analysis of the mechanisms governing the dispersion of flammable clouds formed by liquid hydrogen spills. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 9:425-435, 1984.
[2227]
Wohl K., Shore L., Von Rosenberg H., and Weil C.W. The burning velocity of turbulent flames. In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 620-625, Baltimore, 1953. Williams and Wilkins.
[2228]
Wolanski P. and Wojcicki S. Investigation into the mechanism of the diffusion ignition of a combustible gas flowing into an oxidizing atmosphere. In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1217-1223, Baltimore, 1973. Williams and Wilkins.
[2229]
Wolanski P., Kauffman C.W., Sichel M., and Nicholls J.A. Detonation of methane-air mixtures. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1651-1660, Pittsburgh, 1981. The Combustion Institute.
[2230]
Wolanski P. Investigation of flame structure during laminar and turbulent burning in dust-air mixtures. In Dust Explosions, protecting people, equipment, buildings and environment, pages 168-224. British Materials Handling Board, October 1995.
[2231]
Wolf L., Holzbauer H., and Cron T. Detailed assessment of the Heiss Dampf Reaktor hydrogen-mixing experiments E11. Nuclear Technology, 125:119-135, 1999.
[2232]
Woodcock J., Peterson P.F., and Spencer D.R. Quantifiying the effects of break source flow rates on AP600 containment stratification. Nuclear Technology, 134:37-48, 2001.
[2233]
Woods D. Hydrogen Detection in Oil Refineries. Teaching Materials on Hydrogen Safety Contributed by Supporters, General Monitors, Lyme Green Business Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom, 2008. Submitted on 19 June 2008.
[2234]
Wright M.R. An Introduction to Chemical Kinetics. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex, England, 2004.
[2235]
Wu C.K. and Law C.K. On the determination of laminar flame speeds from stretched flames. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1941-1949, Pittsburgh, 1984. The Combustion Institute.
[2236]
Wu Y., Al-Rahbi I.S., Lu Y., and Kalghatgi G.T. Effect of carbon dioxide, argon and hydrocarbon fuels on the stability of hydrogen jet flames. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2237]
Wurster R. HyApproval - Handbook for approval of hydrogen refuelling stations - Safe and harmonised implementation of hydrogen refuelling stations on a global scale. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, 15-24 August 2006.
[2238]
Xiao K., Schmidt D., and Maas U. PDF simulation of turbulent non-premixed CH4/H2-air flames using automatically reduced chemical kinetics. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1073-1080, Pittsburgh, 1998. The Combustion Institute.
[2239]
Xu B.P., Zhang J.P., Wen J.X., Dembele S., and Karwatzki J. Numerical study of a higly under-expanded hydrogen jet. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, Pisa, Italy, 8-10 September 2005.
[2240]
Xu B.P., El Hima L., Wen J.X., Dembele S., Tam V.H.Y., and Donchev T. Numerical study on the spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release through a tube into air. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:205-213, 2008.
[2241]
Yaga M., Endo H., Yamamoto T., Aoki H., and Miura T. Modeling of eddy characteristic time in LES for calculating turbulent diffusion flame. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45:2343-2349, 2002.
[2242]
Yakhot V. and Orszag S. Renormalization group analysis of turbulence. I. Basic theory. Journal of Scientific Computing, 1:3-51, 1986.
[2243]
Yakhot V. Propagation velocity of premixed turbulent flames. Combustion Science and Technology, 60:191-214, 1988.
[2244]
Yakhot V., Orszag S., and Israeli M. Renormalization group formulation of large-eddy simulation. Journal of Scientific Computing, 1:139-158, 1989.
[2245]
Yakhot V. Decay of three-dimensional turbulence at high Reynolds numbers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 505:87-91, 2004.
[2246]
Yang J.W. et al. Hydrogen combustion, control, and value-impact analysis for PWR dry containments. Technical Report NUREG/CR-5662, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington D.C., 1991.
[2247]
Yang R., Weng W.G., Fan W.C., and Wang Y.S. Subgrid scale laminar flamelet model for partially premixed combustion and its application to backdraft simulation. Fire Safety Journal, 40:81-98, 2005.
[2248]
Yao C. Explosion venting of low-strength equipment and structures. Loss Prevention, 8:1-9, 1974.
[2249]
Yao J. and Scott Stewart D. On the normal shock velocity-curvature relationship for materials with large activation energy. Combustion and Flame, 100:519-528, 1995.
[2250]
Yao J. and Scott-Stewart D. On the dynamics of multi-dimensional detonation. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 309:225-275, 1996.
[2251]
Yokobori Jr. A.T. The mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement: the stress interaction between a crack, a hydrogen cluster, and moving dislocations. International Journal of Fracture, 128:121-131, 2004.
[2252]
Yoshida A. and Tsuji H. Characteristic scale of wrinkles in turbulent premixed flames. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 403-411, Pittsburgh, 1982. The Combustion Institute.
[2253]
Yoshida A., Narisawa M., and Tsuji H. Structure of highly turbulent premixed flames. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 519-525, Pittsburgh, 1992. The Combustion Institute.
[2254]
Yoshida T., Wada Y., and Foster N. Safety of reactive chemicals and pyrotechnics. Industrial Safety Series. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1995.
[2255]
Yu G., Law C.K., and Wu C.K. Laminar flame speeds of hydrocarbon+air mixtures with hydrogen addition. Combustion and Flame, 63:339-347, 1986.
[2256]
Yuan J., Ju Y., and Law C.K. Effects of turbulence and flame instability on flame front evolution. Physics of Fluids, 18:104105-1-104105-9, 2006.
[2257]
Zabetakis M.G. Research on the combustion and explosion hazards of hydrogen-water vapor-air mixtures. Technical Report AECU-3327, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Report, 1956.
[2258]
Zabetakis M.G., Furno A.L., and Martindill G.H. Explosion hazards of liquid hydrogen. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 6:185-194, 1961.
[2259]
Zabetakis M.G. and Burgess D.S. Research on the hazards associated with the production and handling of liquid hydrogen. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation RI 5707, US Department of Interior, 1961.
[2260]
Zabetakis M.G. Safety with cryogenic fluids. Plenum Press, New York, 1967.
[2261]
Zahnle K., Mac Low M.-M., Lodders K., and Fegley Jr. B. Sulfur chemistry in the wake of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Geophysical Research Letters, 22:1593-1596, 1995.
[2262]
Zalosh R., Beir R., Dean R., Earley M., and Ural E. Analysis of the March 28, 1979 Hydrogen Burn in the Three Mile Island Unit II Containment Building. EPRI Report RP2168-1, 1984.
[2263]
Zalosh R., Chaffee M., and Ural E. TMI-2 Hydrogen Burn Integration Document. FMRC Report J.I. 0J0R6.RU for EG & G Idaho Inc. and DOE, 1985.
[2264]
Zalosh R. Hydrogen mixing in large enclosures. A lecture presented at the First European Summer School on Hydrogen Safety, August 2006.
[2265]
Zalosh R. Metal hydride fires and fire suppression agents. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Processes Industries, 21:214-221, 2008.
[2266]
Zbikowski M., Makarov D., and Molkov V. LES model of large scale hydrogen-air planar detonations: verification by the ZND theory. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33:4884-4892, 2008.
[2267]
Zeldovich Ya.B. and Frank-Kamenetskii D.A. On the theory of uniform flame propagation. Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR, 19:693-798, 1938.
[2268]
Zeldovich Ya.B. and Semenov N. Kinetics of chemical reactions in flames. NACA Technical Memorandum 1084, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, 1940. Original: J. Expt. Phys. USSR, vol. 10, 1940, pp. 1116.
[2269]
Zeldovich Ya.B. On the theory of the propagation of detonation in gaseous systems. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 10:542-568, 1940.
[2270]
Zeldovich Ya.B. Teorii raspostranenia plameni. Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii, 22:27, 1948. English translation: Theory of flame propagation. Technical Memorandum NACA TM 1282, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, 1951.
[2271]
Zeldovich Ya.B., Kogarko S.M., and Simonov N.N. An experimental investigation of spherical detonation of gases. Soviet Physics - Technical Physics, 1:1689-1713, 1956.
[2272]
Zeldovich Ya.B. and Kompaneets S.A. Theory of Detonations. Academic Press, New York, 1960.
[2273]
Zeldovich Ya.B., Librovich V.B., Makhviladze G.M., and Sivashinskii G.I. On the onset of detonation in a nonuniformly heated gas. Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 11:264-270, 1970.
[2274]
Zel'dovich Ya.B. Classification of regimes of exothermic reaction in accordance with initial conditions. Combustion and Flame, 39:211-214, 1980.
[2275]
Zevenbergen J.F., Dahoe A.E., Lemkowitz S.M., and Scarlett B. Laser ignition of dust clouds: Determination of the ignition energy. In The Seventh International Colloquium on Dust Explosions, pages 2.15-2.24. Christian Michelsen Research AS, 1996.
[2276]
Zevenbergen J.F., Dahoe A.E., Pekalski A.A., and Scarlett B. Laser ignition of single particles and particle clouds. In Third World Congress on Particle Technology, 1998.
[2277]
Zevenbergen J.F., Dahoe A.E., Pekalski A.A., de Ruiter B.R., and Scarlett B. Laser ignition of single magnesium particles. In 9th International Symposium on the Application of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Pittsburgh, 1998.
[2278]
Zevenhoven C.A.P. Particle Charging and Granular Bed Filtration for High Temperature Application. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, December 1992. Delft University Press.
[2279]
Zimont V.L. and Lipatnikov A.N. A numerical model of premixed turbulent combustion of gases. Chemical Physics Reports, 14:993-1025, 1995.
[2280]
Zittel W. and Altmann M. Global hydrogen energy economy. In T. N. Veziroglu, C.-J. Winter, J. Baselt, and G. Kreysa, editors, Proceedings of the Eleventh World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Stuttgart, Germany, Advances in Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Energy Progress XI, pages 71-81, New York, 23-28 June 1994. International Association for Hydrogen Energy, Pergamon.
[2281]
Zittel W., Wurster R., and Bölkow L. Hydrogen in the energy sector. TÜV SÜD Industrie Service GmbH http://www.hyweb.de/Knowledge/w-i-energiew-eng.html, 1996.
[2282]
Zhang F., Thibault P.A., and Murray S. Transition from deflagration to detonation in multi-phase slug. Combustion and Flame, 114:13-24, 1998.
[2283]
Zhang S. and Gogos G. Film evaporation of a spherical droplet over a hot surface: fluid mechanics and heat/mass transfer analysis. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 222:543-563, 1991.
[2284]
Zhang X. and Ghoniem A.F. A computational model for the rise and dispersion of wind-blown, buoyancy-driven plumes I. Neutrally stratified atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 27:2295-2311, 1993.
[2285]
Zhen G. and Leuckel W. Influence of transient injection induced turbulent flow on gas and dust explosions in a closed-vessel. In J.J. Mewis, H.J. Pasman, and E.E. De Rademaeker, editors, Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium, volume 2, pages 257-268. European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE), Elsevier Science, 1995.
[2286]
Zhou L. and Zhou Y. Determination of compressibility factor and fugacity coefficient of hydrogen in studies of adsorptive storage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 26:597-601, 2001.
[2287]
Zhou X. and Mahalingam S. Evaluation of reduced mechanism for modeling combustion of pyrolysis gas in wildland fire. Combustion Science and Technology, 171:39-70, 2001.
[2288]
Zhou X., Luo K.H., and Williams J.J.R. Large-eddy simulation of a turbulent forced plume. European Journal of Mechanics B - Fluids, 20:233-254, 2001.
[2289]
Zhou Lixing. Theory and numerical modeling of turbulent gas-particle flows and combustion. Science Press, 16 Donghuangchenggen North Street, Beijing 100717, China, 1993. Distributed by CRC Press outside China.
[2290]
Zhu D.L., Egolfopoulos F.N., and Law C.K. Experimental and numerical determination of laminar flame speeds of methane/(Ar, N2, CO2)-air mixtures as function of stoichiometry, pressure, and flame temperature. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, pages 1537-1545, Pittsburgh, 1989. The Combustion Institute.
[2291]
Zhu M., Bray K.N.C., and Rogg B. PDF modelling of spray autoignition in high pressure turbulent flows. Combustion Science and Technology, 120:357-379, 1996.
[2292]
Zhu M. and Rogg B. Modelling and simulation of sprays in laminar flames. Meccanica, 31:177-193, 1996.
[2293]
Zhu M., Bray K.N.C., Rumberg O., and Rogg B. PDF transport equations for two-phase reactive flows and sprays. Combustion Science and Technology, 122:327-338, 2000.
[2294]
Zimont V.L. Gas premixed combustion at high turbulence: turbulent flame closure combustion model. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 21:179-186, 2000.
[2295]
Zitoun R., Desbordes D., Guerraud C., and Deshaies B. Direct initiation of detonation in cryogenic gaseous H2-O2 mixtures. Shock Waves, 4:331-337, 1995.
[2296]
Züttel A. Hydrogen storage methods and materials. Naturwissenschaften, 91:157-172, 2004.



File translated by Arief Dahoe from TEX using TTH, version 3.68.
On 06 Jan 2014, 18:01.