• View
• Edit
• History
• Print

Biennial Report on Hydrogen Safety

Content

Preface

Chapter 1. Hydrogen fundamentals ( One file Document )

• Introduction
• Physical Properties of Hydrogen
• Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
• Main Characteristic Data of Hydrogen

Chapter 2. Hydrogen Technologies ( One file Document )

• Hydrogen Today
• Hydrogen Production Techniques ( One file Document )
  • Introduction
  • Hydrocarbon Splitting Processes
  • Water Splitting Processes
  • Liquid Hydrogen Production in the World
  • Large Scale vs. Small Scale and Centralized vs. Decentralized Production
  • Nuclear Hydrogen Production
  • EU projects within Hydrogen production and distribution 2002 – 2006
  • Future Pathways
• Hydrogen Transport Techniques ( One file Document )
  • Introduction
  • Transport using pipelines
  • Transport of gaseous hydrogen
  • Transport of liquid hydrogen
  • Transport in compound materials
  • Gaseous Hydrogen refuelling stations
  • Liquid Hydrogen refuelling stations
  • Safety Challenges
• Hydrogen Applications ( One file Document )
  • Introduction
  • Transport – cars and light trucks
  • Transport – buses
  • Transport – other
  • Stationary
  • Portables
  • Exploiting Synergies between End-use Sectors
  • EU projects within Hydrogen applications (transport, stationary, portable) 2002 – 2006
• Hydrogen Systems Main Components ( One file Document )
• Hydrogen Systems Main Components
  • Compressors
  • Liquefaction
  • Storage - Introduction
  • Storage - Gaseous Hydrogen
  • Storage - Liquid Hydrogen
  • Storage - Metal Hydrides
  • Storage - Porous Media
  • Storage - Other
  • EU Projects projects within Hydrogen storage 2002 – 2006
  • Fuel Cells
  • Monitoring and Control Components

Chapter 3. Phenomena Relevant to Accidents ( One file Document )

• Influence of Hydrogen on Material
• Hydrogen Release ( One file Document )
  • Contributing Authors
  • Subsonic & sonic jets
  • Two phase jets
  • Buoyant jets and plumes
  • LH₂ Pool Spreading and Vaporization
  • Other Types of Releases
• Hydrogen Dispersion ( One file Document )
  • Contributing Authors
  • Dispersion in the Open Atmosphere
  • Dispersion in Obstructed Environment
  • Dispersion in Confined Environment
    • Hydrogen Behaviour
    • Molecular versus Turbulent Mixing
    • Potential for Accumulation Depending on Leaking
    • Influence of Natural Ventilation of Structures
    • Experiment
  • Numerical Simulations
    • Calculation Models for the Simulation of Atmospheric Dispersion of Gas Clouds
    • Simulation in the Atmosphere
    • Open Environment
    • Urban Environment
    • Tunnels
    • Residential Garages
    • Maintenance Shops
    • Public Parking
    • Hydrogen Refuelling Stations
    • Other Applications
  • Knowledge Gaps and Recent Progress
• Hydrogen Ignition
• Combustion of hydrogen ( Single File Document )
• Combustion of hydrogen
  • Contributing Authors
  • Fundamentals of hydrogen combustion
  Laminar premixed flames

  • Structure of the reaction zone and flame temperature
  • Laminar burning velocity and laminar flame thickness
  • Dependence of laminar burning velocity on mixture composition, pressure and temperature
  • Flame stretch and effect of flame curvature, Markstein lengths
  • Flame cellular structure and wrinkling
  Turbulent premixed flames

  • Turbulence scales
  • Interaction between turbulence and flames: turbulent burning velocity
  • Borghi-diagram and interpretation of combustion regimes
  • Deflagration
  Deflagration basics

  • Effect of obstacles on flame propagation and pressure build up
  • Effect of flow turbulence
  • Fast deflagrations
  • Non-uniform mixtures deflagrations
  Deflagration in open atmosphere

  • Accelerated flame propagation
  • Pressure waves from deflagrations: dependence on flame velocity and acceleration
  Confined deflagrations

  • Dynamics of flame propagation and pressure build up in closed space
  • Deflagrations in tubes and in a system of connected vessels
  • Amplification of pressure effect due to pre-compression (Mache effect)
  Vented deflagrations

  • Multi-peaks structure of pressure transients and underlying physical phenomena
  • Turbulence generated by venting process
  • Coherent deflagrations in a system enclosure-atmosphere and the role of external explosions
  • Transition from Deflagration to Detonation
  DDT basics

  • Phenomenology of flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition
  • Effect of chemical composition, pressure, temperature, geometry, system physical scale, non-uniformity (SWACER) and presence of venting
  • Criteria for spontaneous flame acceleration to supersonic flame speed
  • Criteria for establishment of stable detonation
  • Detonation
  Detonation basics

  • Detonation direct initiation
  • Hugoniot curve
  • Chapman-Jouget detonation
  • Detonation limits
  • Detonation front structure
  • Detonation cell size
  • Detonation stability. Steady and unsteady detonations
  • Non-uniform mixtures detonations
  • Strategies in the prevention of detonation
  • Gas Fire
  Laminar diffusion flames

  • Burke-Schumann flame structure
  Turbulent diffusion flames

  • Turbulent diffusion jet flame: flame structure, specific features; scales and combustion regimes in turbulent non-premixed combustion
  • Relationship between flame height and fuel flow rate
  • Stable lifted flames and blow-out phenomenon
  • Jet fires in congested environment, effect of delayed ignition
  Pecularities of gas fires

  • Free jet laminar and turbulent diffusion flames
  • Triple flames
  • Combustion of inhomogeneous mixture in closed vessel and pressure build up
  • Numerical Simulations
    • Modelling of hydrogen explosions
    • Simulations of Hydrogen Deflagrations
    • Simulations of Hydrogen Detonations and DDT

Chapter 4. Accidental Consequences ( One file Document )

• Contributing Authors
• Pressure Waves and Pressure Loads
  • Chemical Explosions
  • Physical Explosions
  • Experimental Work
  • Modeling of Pressure Waves
  • Throw of Debris and Missiles
• Interaction of Blast Wave with Structure and Structural Response
  • Interaction of Blast Wave with Structure
  • Methods to Determine Structural Responses
• Heat Radiation
  • Flammability and Combustion Characteristics
  • Radiation Characteristics
  • Radiation Emissions from Intermediate Radicals
  • Radiation Emissions from Water Vapor Bands
  • Effect of Turbulence on Flame Radiation
  • Radiation Transfer Calculation Methods
  • Measuring and Modeling of Radiation in Hydrogen Combustion
  • Gas Property Models
• Physiological Impact
  • Jet Impact from High-Momentum Releases
  • Damage by Low Temperature Releases
  • Asphyxiation by Hydrogen
  • Pressure Effects from Explosions
  • Thermal Effects from Fires
  • Personnel Protective Equipment
• Environmental Impact
• Accident Influence on the Environment

Chapter 5. Risk Assessment ( One file Document )

• Definitions and Risk Assessment Principles
• Risk Assessment Methodologies
• Accident Database, Failure Rate Database
• Modelling as a Tool for Quantitative Risk Assessment
• Human Factors
• Residual Risk and Social Perception of Hydrogen

Chapter 6. Safety measures / Safety barriers ( One file Document )

• Safety Philosophy - Inherent Safety and Safety Barriers
• How to match safety performances and needs?
• Maintenance
• Prevention Measures
• Safety Procedures and Training
• Detection Measures
• Mitigation Measures
• Safety of Hydrogen Technologies: Examples

Chapter 7. Legal Requirements, Standards, and other Codes ( One file Document )

• List of Contributors
• Definitions
• Global Agreements on Road Vehicles
• Regulations - General
• Major Hazard Directive
• IPCC Directive
• ATEX Directive
• Machinery Directive
• Equipment and Protective Systems ... Directive
• Pressure Equipment Directive
• Low Voltage Directive
• Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive
• Transport of Hazardous Goods
• European Regulation for Hydrogen Vehicles
• Standards
• Recent Progress
• List of some Useful Guidelines and Documents

Chapter 8. Concluding remarks

Appendix: Hydrogen projects

• Introduction
• European (centered) projects
• Japan (centered) projects
• North American (centered) projects?

Printed Version

<< | Content | >>